Globalization, Australia and the Asia-Pacific Essay Example for Free

Globalization, Australia and the Asia-Pacific EssayIn terms of worldwide relationships, the end of the second millennium and the start of the third be characterized by deuce developments of major importance the successful conclusion of the most ambitious round of multilateral trade negotiations in the history of humankind and the proliferation of regional trading arrangements remarkable at any period in history. Through it on the whole, Australia has been a major participant in these agreements. Owing to the steady progress of Australias miserliness and politics, it has been heterogeneous in all of the transnational policy-making in that span in history. However, due to these numerous activities, there are different circumstances that require variations of these treaties. three-lobed trade treaties are trade agreements made between multiple nations, over multiple regions, at one time. Although multilateral treaties are generally complex and onerous to negotiate and impl ement, these treaties are very powerful when all interested parties agree on it. The primary advantage of multilateral treaties is the equal treatment, at least relatively, of all parties, regardless of size or power.Examples of these are Australias Protocol of 1988 relating to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, United Nations Convention on Conditions for Registration of Ships and Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation. regional trade treaties are parallel to multilateral trade treaties. Both are generally complex and involve multiple countries. However, they do institute a condition that has both advantages and disadvantages.Regional trade treaties are confined to countries within a certain geographic area, such as the Americas, the Atlantic or, in Australias case, the Asia-Pacific region. This comes from the perspective of conceiving of the world in terms of structures is what some analytical perspectives in international relations and the social sciences more generally suggest. according to Breslin. The obvious disadvantage of regional trade treaties is that it would exclude other countries from the agreement. There are, however, advantages that outweigh this negative aspect.Regional agreements would be easier to negotiate since countries within a certain geographic area generally have similar or related economic products, conditions and concerns. Such agreements would in like manner mean that the general concerns of that certain area are given due consideration when viewed by the rest of the international community. Examples are the Free Trade country of the Asia-Pacific Region and South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement. Bilateral trade treaties are the simplest and most basic agreements. These are the agreements negotiated exclusively between to countries.Simple they may be, however, the pursuit of discriminatory trading agreements is arguably the most dramatic development in intergovernmental relations in the western Pacific since the monetary crises of 1997-98, in Jayasuriyas view. An example of this is Australias Treaty between Australia and the Republic of Austria concerning Extradition Australia resides in the South Pacific area but has a mixed economy in the pattern of many Western countries. Its main exports are coal, gold, coal, gold, meat, wool, alumina, iron ore and wheat.It has strong relations with countries in Asian, notably Japan and Korea, and Western countries such as Germany and the United States. Bilateral agreements would ensure mutually advantageous situations for Australia and its partner countries. This would go a long way in cementing international political relations as well as economic strength. However, bilateral agreements are limited in their potential to affect great international change. Regional trade agreements would prove to be more advantageous to Australia and the Asia-Pacific region.Their inter ests would be represented and protected in the international arena. However, the full potential to affect significant change is not realized when sole(prenominal) a few countries are involved. Ideally, Australia should prioritize multilateral trade agreements because these are the ones that have to greatest potential to affect positive change in the international community. These are also the agreements the ones that require the most planning and negotiation and should be kept at the forefront for the process to be as quick as possible.BIBLIOGRAPHYSampson and Woolcock, Regionalism, multilateralism and economic integration The recent experience United Nations University Press, 2003 Amadeo, Kimberly, US Economy (2005) http//useconomy. about. com/od/glossary/g/ multilateral. htm accessed 06/04/08 Treaty Database DFAT online database, accessed 06/07/08 http//www. info. dfat. gov. au/info/treaties/treaties. nsf/WebView? OpenFormSeq=2 Breslin, Shaun et al. , New Regionalism in the Global Political Economy Theories and Case London Routledge, 2002 Jayasuriya, Kanishka, Asian Regional Governance Crisis and Change New York Routledge, 2004

Case Study Alim Leung Essay Example for Free

Case Study Alim Leung Essay1. The terms of the psychological shrink at the Atchison Corporation under the lead of Jerome Atchison be of quality, integrity, and loyalty. Jerome Atchinson expects his employees to produce quality work and create a good environment to work in. Jerome Atchinson also expects his employees to uphold and maintain high integrity veritable(a) senior management could be discharged in cases of moral crime or dishonesty). Loyalty is the largest aspect of the psychological contract. Employees stay with the company for many years, if non their entire career. Managers are viewed in high regards and are rewarded the longer they remain with this company. In return, Jerome provides a family-orientated relationship with his employees, in which he protects and takes care of his employees, taking ad hominem interests in the affairs of his employees. Everybody is an equal and an employees value is in the quality and dedication to his work2. I expect that there w ill be changes to this contract under the leadership of Prince Millman. I believe that innovation and creativity will become more important over quality and loyalty. It will be round what the employee can create rather than how he she created. The employee is Millman will expect his employees to continually strive to be better and compete with other companies. Instead of more of an comparison approach similar to Atchinsons contract, Millman values competition among others. Employees may be rewarded for their ideas and change what they bring to the company while seniority and loyalty to the brand are not as heavy of a=values.

Economic Rehabilitation and Modernisation in China

Economic Rehabilitation and Modernisation in china frugal REHABILITATION AND MODERNISATION PROGRAMME1.Post Mao Interlude(a) Fall of the Gang of quaternary, leadership under Deng Xiaoping restated the modernization program.(b) They also set bran- youthful policies for accomplishing the Four Modernizations which was to turn the nation into a comparatively advanced industrialized nation by the year 2000. The modernizations was to be in the field of industry, agriculture, skill and technology, and national defence.(c) The new policies reinforced the authority of economic decision makers and managers at the expense of party officials, and called for expansion of the research and education systems .(d) Foreign trade was intended to be increased, and exchanges of external experts and students with developed countries was advance. It called for high rates of growth in both agriculture and industry.(e) The economy was reformed to a market oriented economy.2.Reforms in Agriculture Sector .(a) Maos polity of self-reliance was relaxed, and his motto grow grain everywhere was abandoned.(b) Communities were restructured into the responsible system wherein farmers no longer devoted maximum of their efforts in collective production alone farmers were allowed to decide for themselves how and what to produce.(c) The constraints on the movements of inelegant populations was relaxed. Towns, villages, and groups of families referred to as rural economic unions established factories, processing units, construction teams, catering services, and other nonagricultural concerns.(d) A system of specialized ho accustomholds was do wherein free farmers markets in the urban areas and in the countryside were established.(e) Rural cadres implemented an entirely new system to motivate farmers, called Baogan system.(f) The rural banking system (Agricultural Bank and Rural citation Cooperatives) was restored and extended1.(g) However, the major(ip) change was after 1978 farm families w ere permitted to invest funds, and their investments in small tractors, rural industries, and housing were substantial.(h) Rural marketing system improved significantly in the post Mao period. The constitution of selling the farm to local state came to an end. People had several options of selling the surpluses to local market or to state or consumed on the farm. Rural markets which were disbanded during the Cultural rotary motion were reopened.3.Reforms in Industrial Sector.(a) The impetus to reforms were ground on the framework of Four Modernizations and industrial policies outlined by Deng Xiaoping. These involve alter management and managerial rules, restoring the status of engineers and technicians, providing clear directives for realizing the eight planning targets ( output volume , product type, quality , consumption of materials and fuel, labor productivity, costs, profits and use of liquid chapiter) , greater regional coordination, firmer central planning and tighter control of investment policy and increased import of conflicting technology2.(b) Emphasis on rapid industrial development was given and a group of 120 key large outgo projects was central to the plan which aimed at lifting the rate of growth to the value of industrial output to 10 percent ayear and at large increases in the areas of power, fuels, raw materials and transport and communications including doubling the output of steel3.(c) In 1978 policy of Thirty points was envisaged which include rules for enterprise management and post responsibility , state plans was to be fulfilled based on five sixes ( fixed nature and scale of production, fixed personnel and organization ,fixed consumption and supply quotas, fixed capital allocation and relation of cooperation with other enterprises)4.(d) In 80s the growth of commingle economy with complementaritys between the plan and market competition was promoted5.(e) Mandatory planning covered sixty products such as sear, crude oil, nonf errous metals, timber, cement, basic industrial chemicals, chemical fertilizers, machines and electrical equipment, fibers, newsprint, cigarettes, and defense products.(f) Under the reforms of Guidance planning, enterprises try to meet the states planned goals but also make their own arrangements for production and sales based on the orientation of the states plan, the availability of raw and unfinished materials and brawniness supplies, and the demands on the market.(g) Urban, collectively owned enterprises (owned by the workers) for the most part were small units equipped with relatively little machinery. Many of these units were engaged in handicraft production or other labor-intensive activities, such as manufacturing furniture or assembling dewy-eyed electrical items.(h) Rural, collectively owned industrial enterprises commonly referred to as township enterprises were the most rapidly growing portion of the industrial sector in the mid-1980s. The organization regarded them a s a means of smashing industrialization6.4. increase of Infrastructure.(a) mainland China had inadequate transportation systems which hindered the movement of coal from mine to user, the transportation of agricultural and light industrial products from rural to urban areas, and the delivery of imports and exportings. As a result, the underdeveloped transportationsystem constrained the pace of economic development throughout the country. From 1980s onwards the modify of transportation systems was given priority7.(b)Development of Railroads.(i) Priority was given to link all provinces of the country, by railroads. Many double-track lines, electrified lines, special lines, and bridges were added to the system.(ii) National highways linked provincial-level capitals with Beijing and major ports.(iii) Roads were built between large, medium, and small towns as well as between towns and railroad connections.(iv) Contract system for the management of railroad lines was introduced in China .(c)Development of Waterways.(i) The maritime fleet made hundreds of port calls in virtually all parts of the world, but the inadequate port and harbor facilities at home liquid caused major problems.(ii) Port construction also was listed as a priority project in the plan. The combined accommodation cognitive content of ports was to be increased by 200 million tons.(d)Development of Airways.(i) Civil aviation underwent tremendous development during the 1980s. Domestic and international air service was greatly increased.(ii) The plan also called for update passenger and freight transportation and improving railroad, waterways, and air transportation. To achieve these goals, the government planned to increase state and local investment as well as to use private funds.5.Reforms in Trade Policies, Foreign Trade and Emerging New Market.(a) Abandonment of policy of Self Reliance. Between 1975-80 China got into new trade activities, seeking to import technology, borrow money, request ai d and adopt fresh methods of earning distant exchange.(b) Policies were framed to bring in foreign technology and capital with minimum expenditure8.(c) To earn more foreign currency and to conserve foreign exchange reserves, foreign capital was also used to expand production of export commodities, such as textiles, and of import substitutes, such as consumer goods.(d) China has adopted a variety of measures to promote its foreign economic relations, maximizing the role of imports, exports, and foreign capital in economic development. Foreign trade organizations were reorganized, and control of imports and exports was relaxed or strengthened depending on the balance of trade and the level of foreign exchange reserves.(e) China joined a number of economic organizations, becoming a member of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, the Asian Development Bank, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).(f) Most loans went into infrastructure projects, such as slide fastener and transportation, and funded raw materials imports.(g) Legal and institutional frameworks to facilitate foreign investment and trade also were created. Laws on taxation, vocalise ventures, foreign investments, and related areas were promulgated to encourage foreign investment.(h) Special economic zones were created .The special economic zones essentially were export-processing zones designed to attract foreign investment, expand exports, and import technology and expertise.(j) China took steps to decentralize its foreign trading system and integrate itself into the world trading system. In November 1991, China joined the Asia peaceable Economic Cooperation (APEC) group, which promotes free trade and cooperation in the economic, trade, investment, and technology spheres.(k) China formally joined the WTO in December 2001.On joining China agreed to lower tariffs and stamp out market impediments after it joins the WTO.(l) Chinas global trade totaled 1384 one thousand thousand doll ars in 2005 the trade surplus stood at 60 billion dollars. Chinas primary trading partners include Japan, the EU, the United States, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. According to U.S. statistics, China had a trade surplus with the U.S. of 150 billion dollars in 2005.6.Foreign Investment(a) Foreign investment was stalled in 1989 in the aftermath of Tiananmen. In response, the government introduced legislation and regulations designed to encourage foreigners to invest in high-priority sectors and regions.(b) In 1990, the government eliminated time restrictions on the establishment of joint ventures and allowed foreign partners to become chairman of joint venture boards.(c) In 1991, China granted more preferential tax treatment for wholly foreign-owned businesses and contractual ventures and for foreign companies which invest in selected economic zones or in projects encouraged by the state, such as energy, communications, and transportation.(d) China revised significantly its laws on Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprises and China Foreign Equity Joint Ventures in 2000 and 2001, easing export performance and domestic content requirements. In 2005, China received nearly 53 billion dollars in foreign direct investment, making it the number one recipient of FDI in the world.7. Energy and Mineral Resources.New energy policy was formalized which included development of indigenous oil and gas reserves, development of domestic oil and gas markets, diversification of energy sources, diversification of imported energy suppliers, encouragement of energy conservation and efficient energy use.(b) Reforms carried out to improve energy efficiency and promote the use of clean coal technology. Only one-fifth of the new coal power plant capacity installed from 1995 to 2000 included desulphurization equipment.(c) It has opened oil and gas industry. The offshore petroleum industry has also been developed with foreign investment.(d) Refining capacity is also being increased. Storage a nd pipeline facilities are being increased and new ones are being added.(e) China has developed a sound energy policy by diversifying its energy linkages and relationship through investment attraction , incentives for technology and dialogue with energy resource economy.8.Development of Science and Technology.(a) The Cultural Revolution had removed an entire generation from access to university and professional training, creating a gap in the age distribution of the scientific work force.(b) However since 1978 China encouraged experimentation in its science and technology system as a means of arriving at reforms.(c) In restructuring the science and technology system emphasis was set on encouraging partnership between research, educational and designing institution on one hand and production units on the other and on strengthening the enterprises capability for technology absorption anddevelopment .More power for decision making was granted to research institutes.(d) The long term p olicy of Chinas science and technology development was to open to outside world and establish contact with other countries.1 Agriculturereforms www.country-data.com2 yap gray and Gordon White op.cit p.913 Jack gray and Gordon White op.cit p.924 Jack gray and Gordon White op.cit p.955 Jack gray and Gordon White op.cit p.986Chinas economy www.country-data.com 19877 ibid8 Jack gray and Gordon White op.cit p.149

Relationship Between Intelligence and Creativity

Relationship Between Intelligence and CreativityFor a long time, creativity has been a neglected subject in noetic research. This is mainly because it has always been widely believed that it has mystical influences or a divine nature. Plato said that the poet is only able to create what the Muse dictates and most often than not, tied(p) nowadays, writers or inventors often mention the presence of a spiritual nature that switches their perspective to a revelatory iodine. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, those interested in the human mind found a new interest in the matter. This generated countless theories regarding the nature of creativity, but probably the most puzzling question was whether one has to be intelligent to create something never seen before or to discover a never before explored perspective. This essay will present a a couple of(prenominal) of the most famous opinions on the matter.Most of the research in this area, up until the 1960s, was based on t he idea that creativity and newsworthiness are coincide. Cox and Terman(1926) proposed that passing originative individuals are also exceptionally intelligent and they tried to estimate the IQ of 301 of the most eminent people who lived amid 1450 and 1850.The study was severely criticized because of the undependableness of the data collected from letters, records and writings, but also because of the subjectivity involved in approximating IQs. The results were inconclusive, showing that high, but not the highest, scholarship combined with great persistence tidy sum achieve greater eminence than those of highest intelligence did.A study, by Getzels and Jackson(1962), was the first to somewhat prove that creativity and intelligence were independent concepts. They selected a high hear of students ranging from 6th grade to the end of high school and they asked them to complete one IQ test and five alleged creative tests. Their results showed an in monu psychogenic correlation be tween the scores. However, Wallach and Kogan(1965) reanalyzed the data and concluded that four of the creativity tests were significantly correlated to IQ for girls and all five of them for boys. They theorized that results continued to show that intelligence and creativity share a conceptual basic because the way tests were administered was very similar to the methods used for IQ testing. It was suggested that the presentation of tests and the frame of reference of the subject are important in determine whether there is a connection between intelligence and creativity. Boersma and OBryan (1968) decided to test this with 46 elementary school students. All of them were given the Lorge-Thorndike Non communicatory and literal Intelligence tests under strict teacher supervision, in the classroom. Afterwards, they were randomly assigned into two groups group A and group B. One day after fetching the intelligence tests, group A were given Torrances Figure Completion(TFC) test of nonverb al creativity and Unusual Uses test, under the equal conditions. Group B were administered the same tests except they were informed, one day after taking the intelligence tests, that they were free from school that morning. They were indeed invited to visit the University of Alberta, where an examiner took them in a gymnasium where several(prenominal) shockes with toys had been placed. The boys were told they could play, but after 60 minutes the examiner asked them if they would like to try something someone made up. He then placed a box containing the TFC tests. The tests had no instructions on them, the examiner saying they should include as many resistent ideas as they wished. Ten minutes later, the examiner asked if they wanted to go to the pool and instructed them to put the tests back in the box with their names written on them. 25 minutes later, the examiner presented them with a soft toy chase and asked them to find as many uses for it, other than that of a toy. The fin al results showed that Group B scored significantly higher on the creativity tests and displayed a less significant correlation between intelligence and creative variables. These results support Wallach and Kogans suggestions, but, at the same time, it must be noted that the definition of creativity used by the experimenters was quite general, and, since the participants were all children, it could be that the creativity they displayed was simply age specific.Supporters of the cognitive approaches generally assumed that the study of creativity was simply an extension of that of intelligence, mostly because it was idea that both involved the same main mental processes. Norbert Jauovec (2000) conducted a study that investigated the differences in cognitive processes related to creativity and intelligence with the help of EEG tackiness and power measures in the trim and upper alpha band. The participants were 49 students and teachers taking a course in psychology. They were divided into four groups, based on the results in intelligence (WAIS) and creativity (Torrance) tests gifted- high IQ and high creativity creative- high creativity and number IQ intelligent- high IQ and average creativity average- average IQ and average creativity. Afterwards, they were asked to solve two problems with two levels of complexity, which could be considered closed problems with closed solution situations, and later, they had to solve four creativity problems, some similar to those on creativity tests, and others related to their everyday lives. Both tasks were completed while the individuals EEG was being measured. Results showed that for the first task, highly intelligent individuals displayed less mental activity (which would translate to less effort) and greater cooperation between brain areas than average intelligence individuals. In the completion of the second task, highly creative individuals displayed less mental activity than the average creativity participants. At th e same time, creative individuals showed better connections between brain areas than gifted individuals. The results suggested that creativity and intelligence are different concepts and abilities that differ in the neurological activities shown by individuals while solving open and closed problems. Results also imply that creativity has a less pronounced influence on solving closed problems, as well as intelligence on solving open problems.Another prominent hypothesis was developed by Guilford (1967) and is widely known as the room access theory, which assumes that above-average intelligence is a necessary condition for high-level creativity. This is commonly tested by dividing a prototype to a threshold (e.g. 120 IQ) and determining correlations for lower and upper IQ range (Sternberg, 2003). This method has been criticized because there is no apparent reason to set the threshold at a given IQ score. In an attempt to overcome this problem, a study was conducted in 2013 (Jauk et. al) to investigate the relationship between intelligence and different indicators of creative potential drop (ability to generate something novel and useful) and creative achievement (actual realization of this potential in real-life accomplishments). This was done using segmented regression analysis in a sample of 297 individuals, which facilitates the detection of threshold in data by means of iterative computational algorithms. Participants were required to complete four subtests of the Intelligence Structure Battery (figural-inductive reasoning, verbal short-term memory, arithmetic flexibility, word meaning) for general intelligence, an alternative uses test for creative potential and the Inventory of Creative Achievements. In the end, a threshold was found for creative potential, but not for creative achievement, which suggests that while intelligence and creative potential are highly related up to a point where they have no influence on each other, there is no apparent relat ionship between intelligence and the actual fulfilment of that potential. It should be noted that the study had limitations such(prenominal) as the size of the sample and the IQ range of the participants.In response to the fact that most contemporary research focuses on the idea that creativity and intelligence are unrelated, Nusbaum and Silvia (2011) conducted a study based on improved approaches to creativity measurement, which proposes that fluid and executive cognition is actually central to creative thought. The participants were 178 women and 48 men, all of them university students. In the first phase of the experiment, the effect of fluid intelligence on creativity was observed by giving the individuals divergent thinking tasks and measure their executive switching (the number of times people switched idea categories). In the second phase, half the sample were told what strategy they should use in an Unusual Uses test, which was then administered to the entire sample. People with high fluid thinking did better when they knew the strategy, which was consistent with their ability to access and use it in spite of interference, while for the people with lower fluid thinking, the strategy tended to slip. By combining the results of the two phases, the experimenters suggested that creativity is probably more convergent than modern theories assume.In conclusion, views on the relationship between intelligence and creativity are extremely varied and there is evidence to be found for each of them. Probably the greatest problem of this area of research is decision a suitable definition for the abstract concept of creativity, but maybe there is a need for a new and creative perspective on the matter to finally decipher it.

Wipro BPO, India: Organisational Behaviour Case Study

Wipro BPO, India Organisational Behaviour Case StudyScope-This designation talks active the various concepts and ideas in organisational behavior and how they can be used to correct the running(a)s style of todays organizations. This assignment conden infers on the WIPRO BPO India Limited and discuss about how the pick out of organizational behavior can be applied to the organizational trading operations of WIPRO BPO. This report ordaining caution on the various concepts in organizational behavior such as motivation and management and their application in WIPRO BPO.LIMITATIONS-This assignment does non cover only the key concepts in the study of organizational behavior and also while using some of the key concepts for WIPRO BPO we keep aim do some assumptions in the analysis.FINDINGS-The Wipro BPO is a brand name in market and is a reput equal come with. Through its innovations and various other plans and measures it is cap adapted to emend its organizations working environment, style and carry outance over the years. Wipro BPO has made use of technology and innovation on with leadership and motivation in tramp to produce better results in air. Wipro has al substances tried to work hard to allow sober infrastructure, working environment, growth opportunities and decentralized communication among the upper and the subvert staff in order to provide a better, comfortable and happy working environment where its employees can grow, innovate and excel. We can see this effort of Wipro in its various reproduction programs, reference of life that it provides and its focus on providing hold water for wealth, health and family issues of its employees.INTRODUCTION-Business process outsourcing job is bingle of the about successful and fastest growing compass in the in bring ination technology service intentness of India. As the name suggests in business process outsourcing the business or some part of the business such as accounting, pay r oll, customer service etc is outsourced or being hand over to other company which stick the expertness to exercise that situation task more efficiently and at competitive prices.BPO is be access very popular in todays business world as it helps to decrease the work hinderance on a company at the same fourth dimension helps the company to apprehend that task done more efficiently in turn change magnitude the consummation of the business. There be several reasons for the popularity and increase in the use of business process outsourcing worldwide. Primarily the companies focus on how to increase the death penalty of the distinct sections of the business which contains to be looked upon in order to improve the overall performance of the company rather then just outsourcing the business for cost penetrating or load reduction . The other reason for why companies opt for outsourcing is that in this competitive business environment as companies grow the requirement of resourc es and expertise also increases in order to cope up with growth and to carry on the performance and further improve it. The lack of skillful people to perform a task can also be a reason for the outsourcing. Lastly the improvements and developments in the telecommunication and IT indus endeavor has made it possible to outsource the business in this globalized business world.the goods of outsoucing ar as follows-increase the efficiencyreduction in duties and load by outsourcing the non-core setions of businesssaves time,money ,manpower and operating exp devastationitures.Reduce seeksImproved quality od skilfull labour and servicesGives time to emphasise on core functions of the businessSome of the most roughhewn outsourced functions of a business argon-Technical allowData entry/ entropy processingPayrollAccountingCustomer servicetelemarketingindia is the fastest growing country in field of bpo industry as it has the plus point of skilfull labour, smashing infrastructure and th e time difference with respect to the developed countries like USA AND UK due to which Indian companies can work in night for these countries. major players in BPO industry in India ar WIPRO,DAKSH,CONVERGYS etc..Wipro was started in 1945 and got in IT business in 1980.Wipro is listed inMumbai store exchangeNational stock exchangeNewyork stock exchangeWipro bpo is a fast growing company which matches innovation with robust performance in providing IT enabled services to other countriesWipro has a manpower of tenthousand associates of more then seventy different nationalities and has more than 72 global branches in over 55 countries catering the business motifs of other companies.Wipro has a stong RD department .it is first in the world which has the certification of SEI CMM of Level 5.With the help of resources and expertise wipro has immerged as a giant in innovating technology with around one hundered thirty six patents registered on its name.Wipro understand the importance of retained customers in doing a successful business and withits hardwork and focus towards its customer it is able to achieve a mark of around 95 percent of its total earnings from its retained customers.It provides service in different countries such asUSAEUROPEmainland ChinaWipro bpo provides different services-Customer serviceBack end office service for transactionsMOTIVATION AND ITS BACKGROUNDThe researchers have made use of compartmentalization of concepts/theories/ideas/models to study this vast field of motivation with respect to the organizational behavior in companies.motivatin can be defined as to excite the people to focus and apply their eeforts to their best in order achieve a particular goal.today in this fast growing world of challenger and globalization there is an Copernican need for managers to have a knowledge of various theories and knowledge og organizational behavior and how to suck up use of them in order to improve the performance of organization.the perfor mance of an organization majorly depends on the work event.no organization can excel without a skillfull labor though it has other resources available such as a good infastructuer and technology etc because at the end of the day tits being used by the workforce who are actually going to produce the output.thus there is a great need for the workforce to be motivated so that they dont loose their focus and apply best of their effort in order to produce better result and enhace the performance of an organization.few of the most coomonly used motivational theories comes from the need theories which discuss and sheds light on the demand of the people and the conditions and the way in which they want the ask to be fulfilled.The need theory comp maturates of the Maslows hierarchy of needs theory and it explains the five types of needs in a pyramid format with the staple fiber needs at the lower end and then it moves upwards covering the more complicated needs of people such as social,s ecurity, observe and sef actualization needs. So basically if a persons different needs pull up s aims be fulfilled then the person will be more satis factory and feel secure and happy and will be able to focus his mind more on the work because he will be free from these basic problems and thus the worker will be able to perform efficiently and optimally.the lower end of the maslows needs hierarchy model basically discusses and focus on the physiological needs of people such as food,shelter and c solidifyinghing.once these needs are fulfilled then people want that they should achieve respect and recognization in the society. Maslows theory thinks that the fulfillment of the basic needs of peope has the highest prompt electromotive force to drive the people to perform and achieve them.There is another researcher alderfers who proposed ERG theory.this theory does not disuss the five needs to define the motivation exclusively quite has a thre stage model covering the following ne eds-Existence needs-these are the needs which satisfy a particular condition for an individual.Growth needs-these are the needs which give satisfaction to an individual by participation,association and contribution.Relatedness needs-these needs satisfy the people by communication.In the maslows hierarchy the basic needs are most important and most in demand(p) and must be fulfilled for the satisfaction of the people but as we move upwars in the hierarchy there are other needs which if fulfilled will be greatly appreciated by the people.Expectany theoryAnother motivation theory is known as presentiment theory where we define expectations for the events to occur.this is done to create an interest in minds of people and to attract them.this work as a driving force for the people in order to reach to some decided goal and in order to create some change, which will act a s motivator to perform in order to achieve it in real..Motivation here can be defined as comprised of-VALENCE-it can be defined as devising people understand what is the outcome or the value they are going to getEXPECTANCY-This is to make people feel that they are capable of playacting a task.INSTRUMENTALITY-This is to make people feel that if people will perform the task in a desired way they will be able to get the outcome.Goal theoryIn this theory we set certain goals for an individual which act as a challenge for them and act as driving force to push them to workhard and achieve them.These can be of two types-1 repointional goal-here the individual is motivated to perform by telling them reason and the way to perform.2 accuracy goal-here the individual is motivated to perform in most accurate way and this is used when stake of inaccuracy is high.SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT S AND ITS BACKGROUNDTAYLOR(1856-1915)scientific management was invented by taylor.he introduced the use of incentives which can be used as driving and motivating force.he saw that if people are given rewards or incentives for performing their task then they take more interest and give their best efforts to fulfill the task.His study was comprised of the managing skills blended with his personal experience of working in the organizations.he state on use of scientific fire to solve he problems encountered in practically managing the organization.his study was focused on the incentive as a input signal to drive people to put effort in performing the task.Managers now a days still follow the studies carried by tailor and think that his techniques of mensuration task and incentive has a positive impact on the work culture.taylor thought that people not able to perform efficiently is a common thing and it happens a lot but un indispensable usage of time and unplanned use of resources resulting in no output is inexcusable.Around 20 snow taylor proposed the concept of scientific management.taylor gave it the name scientific management due to the following reasons-Taylor thought that all the different step s to be performed for the production task should be carefully examined and any redundant and avoidable actions in the process should be excluded.we should check and note the improvement in the production process.We should checkout how long the tasks left hand will take to get completed.After the outcomes should be checked in order to know how long each task has taken to get bear on and as per these dumbfoundings we should renumerate and punish the quicker and slower staff correspondingly.We should adopt and apply such practices in order to improve the performance of the staff and the production process.The study was applied in different production companies and it was noted that their was considerable improvement in the production process.NEO-HUMAN RELATIONS AND ITS BACKGROUNDIn the concept of Neo-human relation managers try to establish a persona touch with the staff in order to motivate then to perform well and achieve the desired goal. Contrary to the scientific management un dertake where there is no personal touch and the stimulus is if u perform well you will be recognized and rewarded but if you yield to perform the task and achieve the desired goal then you will be penalized.Neo-human relations approach is one of the most widely used approach now a days by the managers to improve the organization behavior.in this approach managers try to focus on fulfilling the needs of their employees in order to make them satisfied and happy,so that they can focus on the main objective of the company and perform at their best to achieve that goal.this approach focus on fulfilling all the necessary needs of the people like physiological, financial needs etc.the human relation also emphasized on the arguments,thinking and attitudes of the work group.McGregor proposed the theory X and Y, Maslow theory of needs and motivation theory proposed by Herzberg.who emphasized on the higeine factors are some of the theories that addup to the research and study of the concept of neo-human relations in organizational behavior.McGregor theory X and Y has the following assumptionsTheory X assumed-People who are average dont like workPeople are lazyThey try to stay out from workThey need to be supervised.Theory y assumed-people are innovativepeople want accountabilitypeople can guide themselvesif they are led free to perform they can use their potential and show their capability and deserving.Maslow theory divides the needs of a person into five categories which are the physiological,social,safety and security,self esteem and self actualization.he believed that if these needs will be fulfilled then the worker will feel satisfied and inturn will perform to achieve these needs.Herzberg proposed the two factors theory.he carried an investigate to examine the attitudes,thinking and behavior of people when they were asked about how they feel at work and the reason for their behavior.From this experiment whe concluded a two factor theory1 hygiene factorsThis in cludes-working environmentsupervisorspolicies of the companypay and wages2 Motivation factorThis incudes-rewardsopportunities to growthe work itselfresponsibilitiesrecognizationthe neo-relations along with the scientific management approach has given a revolutionary way of improving the organizational behavior and inturn the performance of the organizationScientific management and Wipro BPO-The scientific management approach regards that any worker can be motivated by rewards and penalities depending on their performance.wipro bpo has also followed this approach and taken different steps,plans and measures in order to apply this approach to improve the performance and also to create a fair deal for the workers that if they perform well then its their benefit because they will receive promotions,rewards and recognition in the company and if they will underperform or do not perform then they should be penalized and the severity of the penality depends on the level they have underpe rformed.it also benefits the company because the good performers will help the company to perform well and achieve its objectives and the underperformers will get punishments such as they have to undergo special teaching or special supervision or have to work for extra time in order to pay for their falt or in some characters will have to resign and leave the company.This will help the underperformers to improve them and become better performers and contribute to achieve the objective of the company and increase its performance and in case they are unable to improve them after the efforts and the special attention given to them then in that case the companies will throw these underperformers and will get unloose of then.so the rewards and penalties will act as a stimulus to motivate people to focus on their job objective and to perform well.Wipro bpo has also added certain plans which are benefitial for the employer as well as for the company.the company has introduced various t ypes of rewards and certain guidelines which the employer have to follow and have to fulfill those conditions in order to achieve them.Some of these incentives which are added to the organizational plan of the wipro bpo are mentioned below-1 Attendence incentive- Wipro bpo has introduced a unique and an effective scheme of attendance incentive which will reward the worker as per their punctuality and unbendableity in the work.since we know that the regularity of the worker is very important for the company to get the tasks done and thus by this measure Wipro Bpo is able to achieve the consistency of regularity of its workers.here the stimulus which motivate the workers to come regularly is the attendance incentive or the extra pay that they can earn.once they start coming regularly by the motivation and driving force they have recieved by this plan of attendance incentive,it will become a habit for them to become regular and punctual in their work.this will help wipro to improve i ts work culture.2 processed ground performance pay- Wipro has adopted another plan of processed based incentive pay wherein it provides a fair chance to the working staff to perform well and become eligible for this processed based performance pay.here the stimulus which drive the workers to perform well is the extra salary they are going to receive if they will perform well.here the company also keeps in mind that it gives the basic salary to the workers in case they are not able to perform well or underperform.this will fulfill the basic needs of the workers but at the same time when the other workers will get the reward of this extra salary for their good performance then it will create an environment of competition between the various workers and therefor to achieve the PBPP and in urge of competing with the other employees the worker will try to give his best in order to perform well and this will inturn improve the performance of the company.3 Productivity linked incentive-Th is is another incentive plan where in the worker recives the reward in the form of extra pay if he will perform which proves to be productive i.e his performance will earn profit for the company.here also the stimulus or the motivating factor is to achieve this incentive by performing well which will inturn increase the productivity of the company.The other measures taken by the Wipro bpo is special training to the underperformers.for example-if you are a telecaller associate and you are unable to perform well in taking your call then wipro bpo will have a supervision on you and your team leader will pay attention to you and will also inform you that your performance is going down and will guide you and give you time to improve and prove yourself.in case you are unable to improve and consistentaly keep on underperforming then you will be placed off calls either partly like for few hours of your whole shift or fully based on the level of your underperformance and then will be given special training to improve yourself where you are lagging.incase you are unable to perforam after so much efforts from the company then you are pur on probation period for three months and if there will be extra requirement in the other processes of the company and if company thinks that you are suitable to work in that process then the company will take you in,otherwise you have to leave the company at the end of the mentioned probation period.The other steps taken by the company includes the promotions and to be eligible to get promoted you have to perform to a certain required level.thus the promotion act as a driving force to motivate the workers to perform well to reach their desired billet and to get the recognition they always wanted.this also helps the workers to fulfill their high level needs such as self esteem,self actualization.Thus we can see that here the wipro has used the system of rewards and penalities and has followed the taylors scientific approach of manageme nt in order to improve its performance.MOTIVATION AND WIPRO BPO-Wipro bpo has also followed different theories of motivation in order to motivate the workers to perform well.this can be seen in its thinking which it call as the spirit of wipro and also the quality of life, career and growth opportunities and the attention it gives regarding the issues link to the health and family of it employees.we have studied different theories of motivation and now we will find how wipro has made use of them to increase the performance and efficiency of its organization.Wipro gives a good salary and a working environment as well as security of job to its emloyess.as discussed earlier there are several incentives based on the way you perform at bottom the organization.the company also has introduced various rewards and recognition within the organization which are also achievable if you perform well within the organization.thus wipro is able to fufill the lowerlevel as well as the higher level needs of its employees.According to the maslows theory of motivation he has categorized the various needs of the workers into the higher and lower level needs.the lower level needs includes phsycological needs(food,shelterand clothing),safety needs and security needs.wipro is able to fulfill these need as dicussed above by providing salary.incentives and job security to its employees.the higher level needs are self esteem and self actualization and for this purpose wipro offers various rewards,recognization and growth opportunities wherein one can perform and prove his worth and abilities.according to maslow once these needs are fulfilled,workers feels satisfied and to achive them they perform at their best..thus this will act as a driving force or stimulus which will led the workers perform well.In this way wipro has followed the maslows hierarchy of needs to imrove the organizational behavior and the performance of the organization.According to Herzberg two factor theory which has been discussed earlier in this assignment,he has shared the theory in two parts-1 hygiene factors2 motivation factorsNow the wipro bpo has also taken certain steps and measures to fufill these factors.wipro bpo provides a good infrastructure,facilities and working environment to its employees which includes- 24 hour cafeteria,gym,pickup and drop facilities.concierge desk,online HR help,recreation facilities etc.wipro bpo is a brand name ,a big global company which has a good business reputation,thus it provides a sence of job security to its employees.companies do business globally all over world and to maintain its standards the company has some strict policies and quality administration.company also focus on providing health facilities such as dr max onsite(an onsite service by the doctors),mediclaim and accident insurance.company also provides knowledgable and experienced supervisors and trainers who help the employees to improve their performance.thus by giving all these provi sions wipro is able to focus on the fulfillment of the hygiene factors of the Herzberg two factor theory of motivation.wipro also focus on providing good and handsome salaries to its employees along with rewards and recognition based on the way the employee performs.wipro provides multiple growth opportunities through its various programs like STEP,wings within and career mosaic.it also has a provision of inhouse education initiative through its program called seed.wipro has introduced performance management system and employee engagement program wherein one gets an opportunity of advancement and feeling of responsibility.wipro also provides different trainings(from pertly hire training to development training).with all these plans and provision wipro is able to fufill the motivation factors of the Herzberg two factor theory.in this way Wipro BPO has applied the herzbergs two factor theory to inprove the organizational behavior and its performance.CONCLUSION-We have discussed vario us concepts of organizational behavior and how these studies can be applied to improve the performance of an organization.toaday inthis modern world of business most of the companies make use on these concepts of organizational behavior to improve their efficiency and output.We have dicussed the three main concepts in detail which are motivation , scientific management approach and the noe-relations approach.we have find that this concepts contribute in their own way to the betterment of the organizations behavior and performance,which has been discussed in detail above.we have also seen that one of a veru successful company and big brand name in the business process outsourcing industry,Wipro BPO has been successful in making use of these concepts and theories and able to get benefit out of it.thus it is proved that to run the organizations successfully and to become a successful manager one should have deep knowledge and understanding of the different concepts and studies carried in the field of organizational behavior and how to apply them to improve the performance and efficiency of the organization.The Media Reporting Of abominationThe Media Reporting Of CrimeIf criminal offense has fallen to such an completion why is it that media reporting of offence levels indicate that the opposite is the case and what impact does that have on public perceptions of community safetyThe Home dresser has been publish statistics on abhorrence for over 150 years. Until the 1980s it was largely reliant on law figures and in many other countries this is still the case. Statistics come from police establishs are a measure of police activity and are often used to off an understanding of the performance of the police to target the use of resources, it does not mean that they are not necessarily a good measure of crime. Since the early 1980s police statistics have been supplemented by data from the British Crime Survey, which asks a representative sample of the househ old population about their experiences of crime over the year prior to interview. As with any victimisation survey, the BCS also has its limitations, but it is generally accepted as a more reliable measure of trends in the common types of crime against individuals or households. The need for two sources of crime statistics is doubt slight one factor that contributes to distrust, as was acknowledged by interviewees inside and outside the Home component. For statisticians and criminologists, the two types of data complement one another the absence of either source would lead to huge gaps in our knowledge about crime. For the media, the public and many politicians, however, the two sources often seem to compete for attention. How easy it is for the impression of cherry-picking to take hold. This is a particular problem when the two sources of data show contradictory trends,A drop in crime, while good news show, is not as newsworthy as an increase. Within an overall reduction there i s likely to be a mixed picture, with some crimes going up and others down. The existence of the two data sources, which can show contradictory trends, makes it even easier either to cherry pick for something that has gone up, Well the thing is theyve got two figures that they measure crime by and ones the British Crime Survey and ones the, I think its the actual figures that are recorded by the police. And they keep changing which one theyre highlighting depending on which ones the best and so the police one is actually a much lower figure than the British Crime Survey, although the British Crime Surveys gone down a lot so theyre highlighting that. (Participant in MORI focus group). Violent crime in itself is one of those that have gone up, there were over a one thousand thousand crazy offences recorded in 2008-2009. Violent crime has change magnitude from 615,985 offences in 1998-9 to 1034,972, an increase of 68 percent. Gun crime (excluding air weapons) are down by 17 percent in 2008-9 but still 58 per cent higher than in 1998-9. ( Home Office, Crime in England and Wales 2008-9, 22 October 2009, Revised Table 2.04) . this goes to show how easy it is to manipulate the figures, figures could have gone down from the previous year but my still be higher than previous years, this is done to try and gain points by the government and the police. utilise the example of trigger-happy crime show the strengths and weaknesses of police recorded crime figures. According to the Home Office Police statistics provide a good measure of trends in well reported crimes, are an important indicator of police workload, and can be used for local crime pattern analysis (Home Office 2004). Violent crime has always been an issue of concern for both the government and the public. One issue that remains is how reliable these statistics are, are they creating an atmosphere of panic and tension within the general public Violent crime is an issue of considerable public concern. These ma y include the volume and violent crimes that include sexual offences, gun and knife crime, domestic delirium, race and other hate crime. In particular, it is anticipate for the partners to pay close attention to the levels of domestic violence that are ongoing, as this information about crime is unlikely to be recovered through the recorded crime figures. We expect partnerships to consider how best to retain the emphasis on tackling domestic burglary, vehicle crime and robbery. Reducing harms caused by illegal drugs is a good way to reduce it, considering how they progress and following it up by aiding them to get out of the crime world. Treatment centers and availability to enter these places for those in the Criminal Justice System and they should also set challenges and targets for vulnerable vernal people.Following the publication of the Governments 2004 spending review and the Home Offices new five year Strategic Plan, the Home Office will have seven new Public Service Agre ement targets (PSAs) for the period March 2005 to 2007/08. It is through these targets that they will try and achieve the objectives that have been set out in the Home Office Strategic Plan. Partnership activities will influence and support delivery of all the Home Office PSAs, but their work will be curiously prestigious in the delivery of PSA1 (to reduce crime by 15%, and more in high crime areas, by 2007/08). PSA2 (to reassure the public, reducing the fear of crime and anti-social behaviour, and building confidence in the Criminal Justice System (CJS) without compromising fairness). PSA3 (to bring 1.25 million offences to justice in 2007/08). PSA4 (reduce the harm caused by illegal drugs including considerably increasing the number of drug misusing offenders entering treatment through the CJS). PSA6 (increase voluntary and community engagement, especially amongst those at risk of social exclusion).Partnerships will be expected to set challenging targets locally in order to redu ce crime, disorder and drug related incident in their communities. Government Offices will help and support partnerships to achieve the required outcomes. Partnerships are currently ranked on rates of recorded crime per head of population but only for vehicle crime, burglary and robbery. Using the new measure produces a different list of partnerships in the top 40. The recorded crime British Crime Survey is the provider of statistics that the police record that cover the crime types that are most similar to those obtained by the BCS. As part of the delivery of PSA1 at a regional and local level, the Home Office has clear expectations of the level of performance required from each region and each partnership within it. The Regional performance indicator is the level of reduction ask regionally to support delivery of the PSA at a national level. The Home Office will use this as a regional performance indicator to monitor the contribution, at a regional level, to the delivery of PSA1. The Home Office expects partnerships to set challenging targets to support delivery of all PSAs, as appropriate, especially PSAs 1, 2 and 4. The nature of PSA1 means that there are particular expectations of partnership performance and targets to support the 15% and more reduction.The processing of media information on crime is based on a short-term, fast-paced and surface level research, which can limit the types of information circulating, and disregard crucial issues. Often news reports of crime contract information on the offender, place of crime, and victim, with little devoted to the context of how offending or victimization occurs. In addition, the medias rapid analysis and assessment of crime trends and outcomes of the implementation of public policies at the local level can hinder effective and successful prevention. Crime prevention practitioners emphasize the importance of prevention strategies which are characterized by semipermanent action, and based on a solid diagn osis that takes into account the complexity of the causes of crime and their interactions. Therefore, news reporting of crime is not favourable to these approaches. The way the news media represents crime often includes newsworthy stories that act on emotion more than on fact, and focus on negative images of crime in communities.The fact that the public rely on the media to inform us allows them to manipulate the way we feel about crime. In addition Chiricos et al (2000) finds that local andnational news are related to fear of crime. The effect of local news on fear of crime is stronger for residents in high crime areas and those who experienced victimization.In cost of audience effects, fear of victimization will depend on who is viewing thecrime stories. Research indicates that residents in high crime urban areas who watch a largeamount of television are more likely to be afraid of crime (Doob and MacDonald, 1979 Gerbner et al, 1980). Another important factor is whether audience members have direct victim experience or share characteristics that make them crime vulnerable. Research indicates that media sources will be more meaningful when direct experience is lacking (Gunter, 1987 Liska and Baccaglini, 1990 Skogan and Maxfield, 1981). For example, Liska and Baccaglini (1990) find that media influence was strongest for females, whites and the elderly, which are segments of the population least likely to be victimized. In another study, Chiricos et al (1997) find that the frequency of watching television news and sense of hearing to the news on the radio is significantly related to fear. Their research indicates that television news consumption is significantly related to fear only for white females between the ages of 30 and 44. This is similar to other findings that suggest that watching crime on television has a greater effect for women and whites, who have low victim risk compared to males and non whites (Gerbner et al., 1980).New Labour once had a sloga n Tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime. That meant it treated criminals more harshly, but also tried harder to attempt the causes of crime. One of New Labours most remarkable political achievements, during its first term of office, was to have forged a Third Way law and order position that has successfully challenged the idea that social democratic political parties are by definition soft on crime. This outlined key strategies reinforcing New Labours core governmental project of modernization through managerialization in criminal justice. There was a focus on crime reduction and youth justice. It was pivotal to realizing New Labours long-term objective of commanding the centre ground of law and order politics in the UK. We argue that an institutionalization and normalization of managerialism is taking place to resolve the contradictions, tensions and disconnections generated by the Conservatives neither public sector reform project and to create the basis for achieving the long held ideal of a cost-effective, efficient, seamless criminal justice system. There are contentious opinions as to whether crime has fallen due to the criminal justice policy instigated by New Labour. The idea that crime has fallen has emerged from examples from statistical evidence. However, if you were to look into these sources, unitedly with the idea that certain aspects of crime are not considered in certain surveys, provokes inevitable controversy. This analysis explores the arguments both supporting and contradicting this statement. According to these statistics there was a rise in crime from 1981 to 1995 followed by a decrease. In 1995 the BCS figures indicated there were almost 20 million incidents, but this had decreased to just under 11 million by 2005 (Garside, 2006). New Labour came to power in 1997 and over the years has extensively increased expenditure in the criminal justice system in an effort to reduce crime by increasing the number of police officers and t he number of prison places available. They introduced anti-social behaviour orders (ASBOs), founded the Serious Organised Crime Agency and increased spending in the probation service, crown courts and Crown Prosecution Service (Eades, et al 2007, p.19). Since 1995 the BCS has shown that wounding has decreased by 40% and common assault by 49% and also that Labour has met its targets to reduce vehicle crime and domestic burglaries (Home Office, 2006, p.65).Combining data from ten sweeps of the British Crime Survey, it suggests that public confidence is based less on instrumental concerns about crime and more on expressive concerns about neighbourhood stability. Therefore, confidence may be driven not by fear of crime but by concerns about disorder, consistency and informal social control. Members of the public look to the police as representatives of community safety and guards as they address everyday problems and strengthen social order. To increase public confidence and decrease th e fear of crime, the police need to interact more with the public and take an active part of the community and represent and defend community values, norms and morals. A very important factor when examining the impact of fear of crime, is determining whether or not the fear is proportionate to the actual incidence of crime. When the fear of crime is proportionate, people are aware of the risks associated with various personal violence offences. This level of fear or concern can encourage good personal safety habits and increased home and property security, therefore minimising the risks of becoming a victim themselves. When the fear of crime becomes disproportionate to the reality, it now becomes a negative effect on a persons lifestyle and quality of life. These effects can include people avoiding situations and limit thier movements, sometimes to the extent that they become reluctant to leave their own home. not only do they limit where they may go but they may also desist from d oing activites that they enjoyed due to this disproportionate overwhelming fear. Police precense will make people feel more at ease and safe around their area. Educating the society about crime and crime prevention could be another way to tackle this. Getting the society involved in both crime prevention through social development and in community based justice programs such as Youth Justice Committees, supervision of youth doing Community Service work. subscribe to citizen involvement in justice leads to a better informed citizenry, who then are more understanding of what impacts crime and how to change it.(www.policereform.gov.uk)http//www.crimereduction.gov.uk/aud00.htmhttp//www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/assessment/monitoring-reports/index.html

India and E-Business :: Free Essay Writer

India and EbizINDIAN OVERVIEW The Indian private sector has already recognized the attractive economics of e-business. Clearly, the chance (and the need) for Indian businesses to get onto the e-business power curve is really quite high. Needless to add, that the potential exists. The size of the transactions all over the net at Rs10 crore by the ratiocination of 1999 approximately, a piddling size when compared to the world, which is expected to cross $300 billion by the year 2002. Unlike in the past, where existing attitudes have posed major challenges to adopting a new way of life, with the Internet it has been rather a smooth sailing, thanks to the extraordinary levels of Internet awareness in the country. As a response of this, companies have been more open to taking studied chances, as is evident. Here, we are not just talking of companies that have static web sites but those which digest commerce on the net like Color Plus, India Book Shop, bababazaar, Rediff-on-the-net and Shoppers Stop, selling from books and shirts to vegetables and soaps. The lack of infrastructure was a serious impediment, but bottlenecks are soon macrocosm removed. With several private value-added networks (VANs) coming up and with the reach of Internet expanding, this is becoming less of a problem. In fact, collective experience indicates that firms can deploy e-commerce solutions over the current infrastructure and realize significant benefits from them. To be fair, this is one area that has received focus from the highest levels and there is feverish activity to build bigger bandwidth and of the essence(p) payment gateways, which will enable online credit card authorization. Indeed, there is much at stake for, say, an automobile company or a fast-moving consumer goods company which has two-fold offices with different manufacturing sites and warehouses etc across the country. Infact ,Dynamix-a software infrastructure solutions company, is in the process of helping TELCO to replicate the Ford just in time technology The modern announcement of Hindustan Lever indicates that soon all of its cosmetic line will be made available only on the net, with one center in each city acting as demonstration/guidance center. The country needs to get its legal, legislative, regulatory, infrastructure and manpower ready for ebusiness. We already see somewhat of this readiness, and hence, India is ready to boom in ebusiness. While the air of optimism persists, the fact remains that in India Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) has not really taken off.

Contemporary Themes of The Merchant of Venice :: Free Merchant of Venice Essays

Contemporary Themes of The Merchant of Venice One of the many elements that establish up a classic, is that the book, novel or play can be need in any generation, decade, century or in any part of the globe at any time and have relevance to the reader. The themes of the work should be universal, so that the reader can take something and create a parallel to an event or situation in his or her own life. The Merchant of Venice has elements that make it a classic. The Merchant of Venice has many contemporary themes in it. In this essay I will provide you with examples of themes that still hold true today, many old age after Shakespe be wrote this masterpiece. The re-occurring themes of love, anti- Semitism and inter-racial marriages are a few examples of contemporary themes that are manifest in The Merchant of Venice that are still issues that we discuss, worry, and care about today. A observe theme in the book is love. There are many loving relationships in this play a nd not all are the type that involves the love that a man has for a woman, or vice versa. Bassanio and Portia, Jessica and Lorenzo and Gratiano and Nerissa are all types of love that involve a man and a woman, which are of course relevant to todays society. When star looks deeply into these relationships, they would see parallels to the ones of today. For instance, the concept that all three marriages will probably not last, is a parallel to the number of divorces that are occurring today. More and more divorces are happening and the increase from other years is shocking One of the main reasons why this is happening is that more people are getting wed also fast and leaving no time to realize that there are not meant for each other. This is the same in two - and possibly three - of the relationships. Gratiano and Nerrissa got married after knowing each other for only several hours and Bassiano and Portia got marri ed before they go to know each other (, but you cant gap P ortia for this, for strict policies were ordered onto her). Jessica and Lorenzos marriage might split for other reasons.