Theme Of Racial Intolerance In To Kill A Mockingbird

There are many themes shown throughout the book To Kill a Mockingbird. The author, Harper Lee made the novel take place in the 1930s and in a fictional town called Maycomb County in Alabama. The narrator was a young girl in the novel names Scout Finch. Throughout the book Scout, her older brother Jem, and her best friend Dill discover new things and become more mature. Then towards the end of the book Atticus, the father of Jem and Scout, agrees to defend a black man named Tom Robinson, who is accused of raping a white girl. In the book To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, racial intolerance and courage are two of the many themes demonstrated throughout the novel. Racial Intolerance is a theme encountered all throughout To Kill a†¦show more content†¦It shows that whites are treated differently than blacks. If Boo Radley was black, he would’ve probably went to jail and not the courthouse basement. As a result, throughout the book whites and blacks are treated differently and the blacks are kinda afraid of the whites. Another theme that is shown in To Kill a Mockingbird is courage. In the book, a blacked man named Tom Robinson is accused of raping a white girl. The father of the white girl, Bob Ewell is the one that said he saw Tom Robinson rape his daughter. Atticus, the father of Jem and Scout, shows a lot of courage by defending Tom Robinson in court. In the book Atticus says, â€Å"In our courts, when its a white mans word against a black mans, the white man always wins† (Lee 295). This shows that he basically knows that its impossible for Tom to win in court, but he defends him anyways because he thinks it’s the right thing to do. Atticus tried his best to help Tom win, but in the end it didn’t happen. Tom should’ve won but just like Atticus said there’s no way a black man is going to win against an all white jury. If somebody else would’ve defended Tom, he probably would’ve lost in court right away, but Atticus tried really hard to win it for him. Therefore that is how Atticus showed courage in the book, he went along by himself to go against all the whites and defend the black man, Tom Robinson, because he thought it was the right thing to do. Boo Radley also shows courage throughout the novel.Show MoreRelatedTo Kill A Mockingbird Analysis1378 Words   |  6 PagesThe Influence of Setting on Themes and Events in To Kill A Mockingbird Vs. A Time to Kill A setting is used in literature to highlight the major themes and also shape the events of the narration. Though set in different time periods, the settings of To Kill a Mockingbird by Lee Harper and A Time to Kill by Joel Schumacher serves to reinforce various themes that highlight various aspects of American history. Racial segregation and issues associated with it such as the lifestyle of the Southern stateRead MorePrejudice And Intolerance : Societal Values And Traditional Values2159 Words   |  9 PagesRacial Prejudice/Intolerance Created By Societal Values And Traditional Values In â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† and To Kill A Mockingbird â€Å"Racism isn t born †¦ it s taught †¦Ã¢â‚¬ , said by Denis Leary is true. Racism is not a physical obstacle one can conquer, but a mental challenge which is created through one’s experiences in life. The novel To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee tells the story of a white man, Atticus Finch defending a black man, Tom Robinson against the rape of a white girl. Throughout the novelRead MoreRacism and Discrimination in to Kill a Mockingbird Essay870 Words   |  4 PagesRacism and Discrimination as the theme in To Kill A Mockingbird To Kill a Mockingbird written by Harper Lee is a Pulitzer Prize winning novel, that offers a view of life through a young girl’s eyes. The novel is focused on two main themes which are racism and discrimination. Racism is probably the biggest theme of the novel. It comes in as an open and subtle manner that is being displayed through speeches and actions. Racism in Maycomb takes mainly the form of having white people against blackRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Southern Injustice Analysis853 Words   |  4 Pagescommunity. Sadly, in To Kill a Mockingbird, the people of Maycomb allow the town to fall into traps of racial and personal injustice, treating others without common respect and courtesy. This in turn results in a community characterized by unfair thinking and assumptions. The theme of injustice surfaces throughout To Kill A Mockingbird, as shown by the false accusation of Tom Robinson, the attacking of Jem and Scout, and the way the town treats and talks about Boo Radley. With racial bias at a high pointRead MoreEssay about Prejudice Runs Deep in To Kill A Mockingbird1650 Words   |  7 PagesPrejudice Runs Deep in To Kill A Mockingbird    To Kill A Mockingbird takes place in small town Maycomb, Alabama, a depression era town where people move slowly and twenty-four hours seems longer.   The narrator of the story is a six-year-old girl named Jean Louise Finch, a tomboy who hates wearing dresses and goes by the nickname Scout.   Scouts being a tomboy is of no little significance because while we are treated to a sweet and affectionate portrayal of Maycomb at the novels opening,Read MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1547 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† is a classic piece of American literature written by Harper Lee. She illustrates a theme of the intolerance of prejudice and the quick judgments of others. The book takes the reader back to the 1930’s in a small town known as Maycomb. Harper Lee chose to give the reader an innocent, pure view of the different situations in the book through the eyes of a young girl named Jean Louise Finch who is also known as Scout. To Kill a Mockingbi rd is a pleasurable read for people ofRead MoreEssay on Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird1054 Words   |  5 PagesHarper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Courage is the quality of mind that enables one to face danger with confidence, resolution, and gain a firm control of oneself. Many of the characters in To Kill a Mockingbird showed courage in their own way. Courage can come in many different forms: physical, mental, emotional and moral. Courage is not the only main theme displayed in To Kill a Mockingbird; prejudice and education are also very important themes exhibited throughout the progression of theRead Moreâ€Å"Shoot All The Blue Jays If You Want, If You Can Hit’Em,1224 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Shoot all the blue jays if you want, if you can hit’em, but remember it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird,† ( Lee pg 90) In Harper Lee’s famous novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, the author emphasizes the major issue of justice representing the symbol of a mockingbird. Taking place in the 1930s in the Deep South, a time when racial inequality and great intolerance were highly prevalent. The novel come s out as an injustice to the most gracious and thoughtful but unjustly accused citizens from the townRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Identity1239 Words   |  5 Pageslives shape our identity? I will explore how this quotation is reflected in the novel â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† by Harper Lee, the film ‘Witness’, by Peter Weir, and the film ‘The Lion King’ by Roger Allers. The meaning of identity is not easily defined. Identity generally refers to the stable defining characteristics of a person that makes them an individual. I will explore a number of parallel themes evident in all three texts; the influence of courage, violence, discrimination, religion andRead MoreRacial Prejudice2231 Words   |  9 Pagesthere is still resistance to accept those who appear different amongst us. Racial Prejudice is an insidious moral and social disease affecting populations all over the world. It can be diagnosed by its various symptoms and manifestations which include fear, intolerance, separation, segregation, discrimination and hatred. While all of these symptoms of racial prejudice may be evident, the single underlying cause of Racial Prejudice is ignorance. While all humans belong to the same species, races are

Direct Compensation vs. Benefits - 3008 Words

1. Introduction System of rewards is one of the key aspects in managing human resources within any organization. It has profound impact on attracting, retaining and motivation of employees and as a result on the overall performance of an organization. There is no doubt that employee compensation, which according to Dessler refers to all forms of pay or rewards going to employees, is the crucial factor in employee motivation. There are different two types of compensation: direct and indirect compensation. Direct compensation refers to monetary benefits offered and provided to employees in return for doing their job. The most common forms of direct compensation are wages, salaries, incentives, commissions and bonuses. Indirect compensation†¦show more content†¦The most notably advocate was Henry Ford who used these methods to design the first ever production line, making Ford cars. [http://www.hsfg.gloucs.sch.uk/Intranets/Business%20Studies/Motivation%20Theory.pdf] Although Taylors methods produced higher productivity, they also led to workers’ unrest and dissatisfaction, as they were only given boring, repetitive tasks and felt been turned into human machines. The main criticism of Taylor’s theory is related to the belief that workers are rational in their economic choices and are satisfied by only money itself. Later Taylor’s Theory of Scientific Management was opposed by content theories of motivation. Content theories focus on internal factors that direct behaviour of an individual. Such theories regard motivation as â€Å" the product of internal drivers that compel an individual to act or move towards the satisfaction of individual needs†. [Human Resource management A contemporary approach] The major content theory of motivation is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. 2.2 Hierarchy of Needs Theory The hierarchy of needs theory was developed by american psychologist Abraham Maslow in 1940s. This theory focuses on the psychological needs of employees. The basis of Maslow’sShow MoreRelatedBenefits And Benefits Of Employee Compensation1395 Words   |  6 PagesEmployee compensation is all forms of pay and rewards which are received by employees for completing their job duties as outlined by their employer. Compensation is classified two ways, direct and indirect compensation. Direct compensation covers wages and salaries, bonuses, commissions and incentives. 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Minister of Pensions and Insurance System †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Minister of Pensions and Insurance System. Answer: Introduction: In the case of Pipe Industries Ltd v Occidental Life Nominees Pty Ltd[1] it had been stated by the court that when an act is done in the course of employment by an employee, the act is binding upon the employer even if the act had not been authorized by him. Thus through the provisions of this case it is clear that if it is provided that a person A is an employee of a person B, than any act which is done by A during the course of employment would bind B in a way as if the act has been done by B. The injured party has the right to claim compensation from B where the negligence has been committed by A[2]. At common law whether a person is an employee or not is determined by putting in place particular legal tests which have been provided through and used by various cases. The cases and the test which have been provided by them in relation to the determination of employment status of a person are as follows. Control test- The control test had originated from a landmark case in employment law which is -- Yewens v Noakes[3]. In this case the control test had been initiated by the court. It had been stated by the court in this case that the extent of control which a person has in relation to the work of other is used to determine whether the person in a contractor or an employee. The more the degree of control the employer has the likelier it is that the person employer for doing the work is an employee. Conversely if the person has less degree of control over the work done by the other the other person is likely to be a contractor. However in the case of Cassidy v Ministry of Health[4] the court ruled that merely establishing control does not make a person an employee of the other. Thus the case provided another test which is called the business integration test. The court in this case stated that the more the work is integrated into the business the more likely the person would be an employee. In the case of Ready Mixed Concrete (South East) Ltd v Minister of Pensions and National Insurance[5] the court ruled that a single test cannot be used to determine whether a person is an employee or a contractor. Various elements needs to be analyzed together to determine the employment status of the person. This test is known as the Multiple factor test. According to the principles of the test in order to ensure that a person in an employee or an independent contractor a three step analysis needs to be applied. In the first step it has to be analyzed that whether the person had the duty of providing personal services to the employer. In the second step the degree of control which the employer has on the person is analyzed. In the final stage it has to be established that all terms of the contract are in accordance to the contract for service and not for contract of services[6]. In the case of Digby v The Compass Institute Inc and Anor[7] it had been ruled by the court that the employer is liable the injury caused to the employees during the course of employment where the employer has failed to exercise reasonable care to protect the employees from such injuries[8]. Further it has been stated in the court of Scott v Jackson Garden Landscape Supplies Pty Ltd[9] that the employer cannot be held liable for the injury which has been caused to the employee where proper measures had been taken by the employer to avoid such injury such as a cleaning system being present in this case. As defined by Holland, Burnett and Millington (2015) vicarious liability which is also associated to the Latin phrase respondeat superior, is the rule through which a person or entity is held responsible for the acts which have been done by any other person[10]. The rule is most commonly applied in the relationship between an employee and employer. The provisions have also been discussed in the case of Prince Alfred College Incorporated v ADC[11]. In the case of In Pioneer Mortgage Services Pty Ltd v Columbus Capital Pty Ltd[12] the judge stated that the employer is liable to be held responsible in relation to the conduct of the employee during his or her job. However for the act to be considered in the course of employment the act must have been directed or authorized by the employer or the employer must have to be associated with the conduct. However it is not within the scope of liability of the employer to be held responsible for actions which have not been done in the course of employment[13]. The elements of vicarious liability have to be present in order to make an employer liable for the conduct of the employee. The main element which needs to be established in order to prove vicarious liability is that the agreement which was present between the employee and the employer has a condition which requires the employee to work under the control of the employer. The action must however be within the scope of employment of the employee[14] In the given situation it has been stated that Tom has injured Annie and Fred has been injured due to the assumed negligence of Tom at the workplace owned by Will. In order to determine that whether Annie can claim compensation from Will, the provisions of Vicarious Liability along with the tests to determine employment has to be applied. If it is provided that Tom was an employee of Will and the act has been done in course of employment Annie would be entitled to claim compensation from Tom. It is been discussed through the above discussed cases that whether a person is an employee or an independent contractor is determined by deploying the control test, the integration test or the multiple factor test. It has only been discussed above that the above that the control or integration test are not alone capable of effectively determining employment. Thus the multi factor test has to be applied in the situation to analyze the relationship of Tom and Will. It has been provided through the scenario that Tom is a house painter and uses his own work van and equipments to do his job. He also has a registered business. Tom has been invited by Will to paint his shop. However for this he does not pay him cash but only beer bottles to which Tom agrees. Will has control over the way in which Tom will paint his shop as he directs him how to paint or what paints to use for the Job. The case of Ready Mixed Concrete (South East) Ltd v Minister of Pensions and National Insurance provides a three step test in relation to determining employment status. In the first step it has to be analyzed that whether the person had the duty of providing personal services to the employer. In the second step the degree of control which the employer has on the person is analyzed. In the final stage it has to be established that all terms of the contract are in accordance to the contract for service and not for contract of services. Through the application of the first stage of the three fold test it can be stated that Tom has agreed to provide personal services to will in relation to painting his shop. Therefore the first stage of the three fold test is satisfied that Tom is an employee of Will. Through the application of the second stage of the three fold test the degree of control which the employer has on the person is analyzed. In the given situation it has been provided that Will controls the way in which Tom does his work and also directs him on what paints to use. Therefore it can be stated that Will has sufficient control over the way in which Tom works and the second stage of the three fold test is also satisfied in favor of the conclusion that Tom is an employee of Will. According to the third stage in the three fold test it needs to be proved that the terms of the contract between Tom and Will are predominantly in compliance with a contract for service rather than a contract for services. In the give n situation Tom is not provided weekly or monthly remuneration by Will and is only being paid on a one time basis in form of the beer bottles. This suggests that Thomas nearly an independent contractor as he is not provided with regular remuneration. In addition it has been provided that Tom uses his own tools and van for the purpose of completing the paint work. An employee is usually provided with tools and equipments to do the work by an employer. Therefore in the given situation it can be stated that the type of the contract between Will and Tom also indicates that Tom is an independent contractor and not an employee. The facts of the case study further provide that Tom has a registered business under which he operates the painting job. An employee cannot have a registered business of his own and has to work under the control of the employer. Thus this provision of the arrangement between Will and Tom also suggest that Tom is an independent contractor rather than an employee. Th us through the application of the above discussed multiple factor, 3 fold test it can be stated that Tom is not an employee of Will but rather an independent contractor. Conclusion Thus through the application of the case of Prince Alfred College Incorporated v ADC it can be stated that as Tom is not the employee of Will he cannot be held liable for the actions which has been committed by Tom. The provisions of vicarious liability are only applicable when it is proved that the person who has indulged induction is under the control of the employer. In this case study it has been further stated that Will did not authorize Tom to be drunk and go on a bicycle. The act has been committed by Tom against authorization provided by Will therefore in the given situation Will cannot be held liable for the accident which Annie and Tom has been indulged into. Any loss which has been faced by Annie can be claimed against Tom but not Will as there was any employment relationship between them. Through the analysis which has been discussed above I would like to advice Annie that she does not have any claim against Will as Tom was not in an employment relationship with Will when the accident took place. Bibliography Cassidy v Ministry of Health [1951] 2 KB 343 Craven, Judith A. "The Employment Relationship." NY Practice Guide: Business and Commercial 4 (2016). Digby v The Compass Institute Inc and Anor 30 October 2015 [QSC 308] Garrison, Joseph. "The New Restatement of Employment Law." Judicature 100 (2016): 30. Holland, J. A., Burnett, S., Millington, P. (2015). Employment Law 2016. Oxford University Press. Pioneer Mortgage Services Pty Ltd v Columbus Capital Pty Ltd [2016] FCAFC 78 Pipe Industries Ltd v Occidental Life Nominees Pty Ltd (1992) 10 ACLC 253 Prince Alfred College Incorporated v ADC [2016] HCA 37 Ready Mixed Concrete (South East) Ltd v Minister of Pensions and National Insurance [1968] 2 QB 497 Rose, Emily. "David Cabrelli, Employment Law in Context." (2016): 105-106. Schipani, Cindy A., Frances J. Milliken, and Terry Morehead Dworkin. "The Impact of Employment Law and Practices on Business and Society: The Significance of Worker Voice." U. Pa. J. Bus. L. 19 (2016): 979. Scott v Jackson Garden Landscape Supplies Pty Ltd [2015] QDC 018 Walsh, D. J. (2015). Employment law for human resource practice. Nelson Education Yewen v Noakes [1880] 6 QBD 530

The Battle of Tropical Islam struggle for an Islamic Identity in Indonesia

Introduction Indonesia is ranked fourth in the world among the most populous Muslim nations. The spread of Muslim faith in Indonesia can be graded as â€Å"moderate† with the country being strategically positioned along the sea lines, which appropriately connect to the energy resources of the Middle East (Vaughn, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Battle of Tropical Islam: struggle for an Islamic Identity in Indonesia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many peace consultants look at Indonesia as being the most critical partner in waging a struggle against radical Islamist Militants in South East Asia. Over time, Indonesia has continued to persue democracy and develop the realms of civil society and law under new reforms by the current president, Susilo. Nevertheless, there exist unhealed wounds caused by the abuse of human rights with the major culprit’s being the military under the r eign of former President Suharto for three decades. Islam Identity in Indonesia: The escapade Indonesia started as a secular state and managed to survive as one (Paris and Schwarz, 1999). This is because Islam in Indonesia has integrated or adapted with ancient local customs and beliefs that emanate from a moderate and benign version of Islam. The majority of Muslims in Indonesia are traditionalists; a tendency that incorporates strong elements of Sufi mysticism and pre-Islamic Javanese traditions (Haseman and Rabasa, 2002). They follow the local based law called â€Å"adat† which takes precedence over strict Islamic custom (Gocher and Vatikiotis, 2006). Additionally, Indonesia originally faced a peaceful spread of Islam that was not accompanied by force; instead, winds of Islamic reform had reached Indonesia from the Middle East gracefully uniting with the local beliefs (Paris and Schwarz, 1999). This is why rigid adherence to Islamic shariah law is found to be an unfruitful venture due to the strong mismatching foundations. During the early part of the twentieth century two different views of Islam in Indonesia started to emerge that caused a split emerged between the modernists and the more conservatives (Paris and Schwarz 1999). The modernist could not accept the integration of Islam with local customs, but demanded that Javanese Islam be purged of its non-Islamic superstitions. This division was greatly highlighted during the early years of Indonesia’s independence. This occurrence shows that even with the different ideologists about Islam that exist within Islam, there is an internal fight on superiority; each strain would want others to declare them as the true faith of Muslim. There exists the most basic fact here: Indonesia as a Muslim country has been faced with a lot of political unrest over time, with Muslim being the salient factor Indonesian Politics (Bull and Woodward, 2009). Nevertheless, after the democratic transition, many Isla mist groups both in Indonesia and the Middle East have risen up and gotten very active, some being violent and others with an approach of Islam social norms.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The irony in this happening is that Islamist groups that would otherwise have been outlawed by today’s democratic rule are being allowed to exist as active political players. The most worrying issue as far as a conflict in the minds of Muslim radicals is concerned is that war cannot be won without being fought (Peters, 2002). The idea here is that this tiff has spread to a national level, eminent before an international platform. Transnational terrorism was made active mostly after the occurrences of September 11. That very date has since then left an unforgettable mark on the whole world. Relations between different states faced a lot of tiffs with little or no benign subsequent relations whatsoever (Kadir, 2002). September 11 twisted the idea of international relations to take another course; there became a general picture of the abundance of a grudge between the extremist Islam and the Liberal, capitalist and the Christian West. Kadir (2002) explains that after the tragic occurrence, leaders of the Islamic communities in Indonesia distanced themselves from the radical Muslim faiths that would encourage terrorism, terming them as deviant faiths. The leaders of Muslim faith and the government leaders in Indonesia and South East Asia refuted to have such radical versions of Islam to spread to their countries. Nonetheless, their hopes can be seen as denial of the past political Muslim experiences of the country. This is basically because, Indonesia faced many years of Islamist military oppression where violence was clear and pronounced (Vaugh, 2009). In the same case, it is the same occurrences, which left nearly 500, 000 Indonesian dead during th e â€Å"new order† rule of President Suharto. The association of such actions with radical Muslim faith have resulted to the Indonesian Muslim leaders to have a distant attitude towards Radical Muslim faith. On the other hand, there exists a number of Radical or â€Å"fundamentalist† Muslims within Indonesia especially during periods of both Sukarno and Suharto where several attempts to establish an Islamic state in Indonesia were made (Indonesia Backgrounder, 2004). Their jubilance has been given so much media attention in recent years, which has created a misconception that Indonesian Islam, is radical. According to Fox (2004), there arose a new Islamic movement called â€Å"Hitbut Tahrir† that had foundations outside Indonesia. This group sought to revamp and attain the inclusion of global fundamentality in the Indonesian national landscape, against nationalism and state power (Fox, 2004). This notion has overshadowed the truth about Indonesian Islam, which i s actually accommodating and moderate as compared to other fundamentalist Muslim traits (Jones, 2007). Indonesia is composed of a diverse set of communities spread across thousands of islands. It is because of this that during the early years, the focus of the government was to strengthen nationalism and independence. It was during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia that Islam officially recognized (Gocher and Vatikiotis, 2006). This was a first step that would ensure future pressure on the government to accommodate Islamic political aspirations.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Battle of Tropical Islam: struggle for an Islamic Identity in Indonesia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There eventually arose two major opposing Islamic parties (Masjumi and Hisbullah), which always had heated constitutional debates about the form that new Indonesia state was to take. On one hand, the Masjumi demanded tha t Islam be declared the state religion, while other groups demanded for the adoption of an Islamic state that is purely based on the Sharia law (Marshall, 2005). It was here that the government decided to marginalize those advocating the movement for an Islamic state in Indonesia because there was fear that the idea of an Islamic state would destroy Indonesia even before Independence (Paris and Schwarz, 1999). According to Geocher and Vatikiotis (2006), so as to tone-down the tension between the government and the Muslim community, there was an introduced state philosophy which insisted that the state was to be based on a single belief of a â€Å"one supreme God†. Additionally, it was also made clear that God applied not specifically only to Islam, but rather of the five known official religions: Protestantism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Catholic and Islam (Marshall, 2005). This unclear idea about the superiority and clarity of Islam created high tension between the Muslim community and the new independent government, of which it had helped install during the fight for independence. During the â€Å"New Order† regime, Islam was greatly marginalized through the oppressive centralized government at the time. The new regime was determined to establish the military as the primary broker in Indonesia. With the defeat of the communists, Muslims groups expected to be rewarded for helping the army, instead the â€Å"New Order† acted promptly to rollback abuse to the camp of the Muslims (Gocher and Vatikiotis, 2006). The Muslim were the only religious group left who had the numbers and organizational strength to compete for power with the army. Consequent events saw Suharto acting quickly to more drastically kill the Influence of Islamic idioms in to the government policies (Paris and Schwarz, 1999). In 1973, Suharto forced the merger of Muslim groups, as an attempt to kill the upcoming unrest.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result, Islamists viewed this as a potential policy that sought to view Islam as lacking the viability to influence the government policies or participate it Indonesia’s political landscape (Marshall, 2005). This was followed by an even greater blow to Muslim interests; the government’s decision to require all political and social organizations to adopt â€Å"Pancasila† as their sole ideological basis. There was a general belief by the Muslims that Pancasila sought to place man over â€Å"Allah† and that the idea was heretical (Paris and Schwarz, 1999). Gocher and Vatikiotis, (2006) summed up the New Order’s primary social achievement; Delivering Indonesia from the tangles of the vigorous tides that had sweeping the world as from the late 1970s. Nevertheless, there are critics who believe that the attempt the curb Islam in Indonesia, has made Indonesia Islamic. There are a number of forces for Islamic revivalism that has re-introduced debates on whether or not Indonesia should be an Islamic state. First, international influences from Islamic revolutions in countries like Iran have spurred up Indonesian interest in Islam (Paris and Schwarz, 1999). Additionally, the spread of Islam in campuses and the growing Islamic intellectual influences on the attitudes towards national, social and economic developments have directed such views on the basis of Islam. This force to Islamic revivalism were especially evident in the younger generation, who are seen to be more vigilant in making Muslim faith to be more applicable to life in the modern world than it already is. Lastly, political dynamics where Suharto was losing his power base as he encountered greater opposition within the ranks of the military; occurrences that twisted his arm and got him to break-ice and coincide with the Muslim groups so as to ensure that the relationship with the military stayed alive. The most alarming thing about this whole Muslim revival issue is th at, on the occurrence of the Asian crisis in the late 1997, there was no shift. More concern and precedence was given to the reviving of relations with the Muslims. This event lead to the fall of the â€Å"New order† regime that eventually saw Suharto’s thirty two years of rule come to an end. The result was a major power gap that was space enough for the Radical Islamists to step in (Marshall, 2005). According to Marshall (2005) the unexpected occurrence has brought about the resurgence of earlier Islamists ideologies and aspirations. More critical is the drastic proclamation of Indonesia as a state of Islamic religion as a defiance to Suharto’s Pancasila regime. This is proven by attempts by Muslim groups to reintroduce the â€Å"Jakarta Charter† which would allow the application of shariah law and transform Indonesia into an Islamic state. For now, they have been kept democratically at bay as the â€Å"People’s Consultative Assembly† avoi ded a direct vote on the issue, rebuffing the Islamic parties in favor of maintaining the original, more pluralist phrasing. Although the New Order has made it compulsory in the past, a number of parties have recently adopted Islam as their ideological basis instead of Pancasila. Increased freedoms in the post-Suharto period have radical strains of Muslim groups after years of being marginalized politically and socially. There has also been increase infiltration by radical international Islamist groups seeking to spread their beliefs into Indonesia. The traditional threat of shariah law in Indonesia is now back stronger than ever, and it is important to further strengthen democratic elements among mainstream Indonesian Muslims. Attempts to solve the Conflict There are basically three models of government that Indonesia can preside in; a democratic regime, a religious regime, and a democratic religious government. These different models lie in the ancient argument between the compati bility of democracy and political Islam (Berger, 1999). The traditional school of thought holds that democracy and political Islam are not compatible. It is a radical belief, that the â€Å"institutionalization of shura and ijma provides the state, which expresses the general will, with a normative role in making basic choices in people’s lives† (Safi, 2003). The idea that the state is now responsible for our salvation is now brought about as a result. As Safi (2003), explains â€Å"individual religiosity is transformed by the radicals into a communal public will, itself transformed into state control, both moral and political. This model involves the implementation of Shariah law and the transformation of an Islamic state. Scholars argue that this model is inherently inconsistent with the divine sources as Islam can only be understood through human reason; â€Å"the institution that emerges from that combination is not a theocratic state† (Berger 1999). This i s an absolute model that demands exclusivity which stops short of a pluralistic understanding of Islam. It is the revisionist school of thought that believes that democracy and Islam are only compatible in an oppressive or despotic form of government. This is happens because in most countries in the Muslim world, democracy is only practiced as the giver of proper legality (Safi, 2003). So while these countries have democratic institutions, in reality none of these processes is really observed. This was evident in the New Order regime, where Suharto was at the apex of politics in Indonesia. It is in fact these forms of regimes that push people away from such institutions to a more radical form of a complete unity between state and religion; an Islamic state. The post-revisionist school of thought now holds that there are in fact two different ways to articulate Islam and democratic regime forms without transforming into an Islamic state. This view holds that the relationship between Islam and politics was â€Å"never premised on the so-called Islamic state or the comprehensive application of the Sharia† (Berger, 1999). It rejects exclusive reliance on the religious laws in order to confirm whether or not democratic religiosity is wrong (Sadri, Sadri and Soroush, 2002). This school of thought believes that the underlying choice should be made based on the society; because in a religious society an innocently secular government would be against democracy (Sadri, Sadri and Soroush, 2002). This school of thought, believes that the success of each models depend on whether the majority is a secular or a religious one. According to Berger (1999), the former believes in the European way of keeping political authority at bay from Islam while the latter calls for clarify the relations between Muslim and politics instead of either commenting the unity or totally fragmenting them. The first model believes in a secular democratic regime, whereby there is a clear sepa ration between religion and the state. This is a valid model basically because many people believe that a democratic religious government will lack the humility to be accountable to people (Sadri, Sadri and Soroush, 2002). According to Berger (1999), Oppositions to the first model claim that â€Å"advocates of secularism will appear to be calling on their own societies to abandon their Islamic cultural and religious foundations.† They also believe that secularism came to â€Å"Islamic societies in the dubious company of Western colonialism and post-colonial hegemony.† (Berger 1999). On the other hand, the second model demands the clarification and specification of the relationship between Islam and political authority on the basis of an Islamic approach to secularism. In this model, the â€Å"protection of basic human rights, especially freedom of belief, expression, and association, is an Islamic imperative and not merely a requirement of international treaties.† (Berger 1999) One cannot forget that in democratic societies, religious tolerance is practiced, as â€Å"the path of examined religiosity is more open and inviting† (Sadri, Sadi and Soroush, 2002). Either way, one must understand that in order for both these models to work, democracy cannot adjust to religious understanding; it is religious understanding that should adjust itself to democracy. Beyond the obvious The description of constant unrests in Indonesia has always been rotating around one issue: Muslim religion. As stated earlier, the problem from a single religious unit has grown to be the most difficult puzzle that not even the smartest person in the country with his well thought- out and profound intelligent ideas can solve. This bid dilemma calls for a more rationalized, out of the norm idea so as to solve the rationalized and unprecedented turmoil that lingers in the lives of the world’s most populous Muslim country. I suggest that is time for us to chan ge gears and look at the issue with an open mind; Indonesia as a country is in deep trouble as far as National democracy is concerned and, the USA is the world’s strongest country as far as democracy, economy and internal liberty is concerned. I the itching query about this should be: what does the USA have to with Indonesia? My idea is not at all based on the lines of Indonesia having to solicit for military assistance or any other donations of some kind from the world’s strongest country, no. If we take another direction and look at the current president to the United Sates of America, president Obama, we will discover that his connection to Indonesia is deep! As a matter of fact, Barack spent part of his childhood in Indonesia and, yes he was born to an Indonesian mother. Needless to mention, he previously had an Indonesian name; Barry Soetero. I think Barry Soetero was the guardian angel given to Indonesia so as to bring its deepest problems to an end. It is a fact that President Obama is also known as â€Å"Hussein†. This tells us that he has a Muslim background. Both Barry Soetero and Indonesia need not to be told that there is a clear indication of an easy way to solve the problem here. The Bombshell President Barack Hussein Obama is of an Indonesian Background. He also has a Muslim background. Currently is the president of the World’s strongest country ruling without any problems arising from religious clashes. Barack is a modernized Muslim ruling in a country with no Muslim backgrounds. President Barack Obama should therefore finish his term in the USA, then head back to his roots, apply for citizenship of which I am pretty sure he will get basing on his current friendly relations with Indonesia. Ultimately, he should plunge himself in to the Indonesian political landscape and vie for presidency. Basing on his roots being from Indonesia and him having a Muslim background coupled with good speech and a likable character he s hould win. Eventually o attainting presidency, he should channel American ideas that will help Indonesia attain a â€Å"super-power level† of democracy. In this regard, Muslim will be a peaceful religion, as peaceful as a second middle name (Hussein). The Islamic Identity in Indonesia will therefore have gotten its place without any bloodshed, and with the most suited ambassador of them all. Reference List Berger. L., P. (1999). The desecularization of the world: resurgent religion and world politics. Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. Fox, J., J. (2004). Currents in Contemporary Islam in Indonesia.  Web. Gocher, J., Vatikiotis. M. (2006). Indonesia: Islands of imagination. New York: Tuttle Haseman, B., J. Rabasa, A. (2002). The military and democracy in Indonesia: challenges, politics and power, Issue 1599. California: Rand Corporation Indonesia Backgrounder. (2004). Why Salafism and terrorism mostly don’t mix. Web. Jones, C. (2007). Fashion and faith in urban Indonesia. Web. Kadir, S. (2002). Mapping Politics in Southeast Asia After September 11.  Web. Marshall. A., P. (2005). Radical Islam’s rules: the worldwide spread of extreme Shari’a law. New York: Rowan Littlefield. Peters Ralph. (2002). Rolling Back Radical Islam.  Web Paris. J., Schwarz. A. (1999). Politics of post- Suharto Indonesia. Washington: Council of foreign relations Sadri, A., Sadri, M. Soroush, A. (2002). Reason, Freedom and Democracy in Islam: essential writings of Abdolkarim. New York: Oxford University Press. Safi, O. (2003). Progressive Muslims: on justice, gender and pluralism. London: One world. Vaughn, B. (2009). Indonesia: Domestic Politics, Strategic Dynamics, and American Interests.  Web. Woodward. M. Bull, L., R. (2009). Israeli Nukes versus Palestinian Slingshots: David and Goliath in Indonesia. Web. This research paper on The Battle of Tropical Islam: struggle for an Islamic Identity in Indonesia was written and submitted by user Farrah Huffman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Race Riots During the Red Summer of 1919

Race Riots During the Red Summer of 1919 The Red Summer of 1919 refers to a series of race riots that took place between May and October of that year. Although riots occurred in more than thirty cities throughout the U.S., the bloodiest events were in Chicago, Washington D.C., and Elaine, Arkansas. Causes of the Red Summer Race Riots Several factors came into play precipitating the riots. Labor Shortages: Industrial cities in the North and Midwest profited greatly from World War I. Yet, the factories also encountered serious labor shortages because white men were enlisting in World War I and the United States government halted immigration from Europe.The Great Migration: To fulfill these job shortages, at least 500,000 African-Americans moved from the South to Northern and Midwestern cities. African-Americans were also leaving the South to escape Jim Crow laws, segregated schools, and lack of job opportunities.Racial Strife: Working class white workers in Northern and Midwestern cities resented the presence of African-Americans, who were now competition for employment. Riots Erupt in Cities Throughout the South The first act of violence took place in Charleston, South Carolina, in May. For the next six months, riots occurred in small Southern towns such as Sylvester, Georgia and Hobson City, Alabama as well as larger northern cities such as Scranton, Pennsylvania, and Syracuse, New York.  The largest riots, however, took place in Washington D.C., Chicago, and Elaine, Arkansas. Washington DC Riots Between Whites and Blacks On July 19, white men initiated a riot after hearing that a black man had been accused of rape. The men beat random African-Americans, pulling them off of streetcars and beating street pedestrians.  African-Americans fought back after local police refused to intervene. For four days, African-American and white residents fought. By July 23, four whites and two African-Americans were killed in the riots. In addition, an estimated 50 people were seriously injured. The D.C. riots were especially significant because it was one of the only instances when African-Americans aggressively fought back against whites. Whites Destroy Black Homes and Businesses in Chicago The most violent of all the race riots began on July 27. A young black man visiting Lake Michigan beaches accidentally swam on the South Side, which was frequented by whites. As a result, he was stoned and drowned. After the police refused to arrest the young mans attackers, violence ensued. For 13 days, white rioters destroyed the homes and businesses of African-Americans. By the end of the riot, an estimated 1,000 African-American families were homeless, over 500 were injured and 50 people were killed. Arkansas Riot by Whites Against Sharecroppers One of the last but most intense of all the race riots began on October 1 after whites tried to disband the organization efforts of African-American sharecropper organizations. Sharecroppers were meeting to organize a union so that they could express their concerns to local planters. However, the planters  opposed the workers organization and attacked African-American farmers. During the riot in Elaine, Arkansas, an estimated 100 African-Americans and five whites were killed.

Discuss evolutionary explanations of human aggression Essay Example

Discuss evolutionary explanations of human aggression Essay Example Discuss evolutionary explanations of human aggression Paper Discuss evolutionary explanations of human aggression Paper The evolutionary view states that all aggressive behavior is a product of genetic programming and inheritance. Every individual is genetically programmed to maximize their fitness. There are two ways 1) reproducing and generating 2) by avoiding predation or by being successful predator.  There are many types of aggression. Male on female aggression – the men uses the violence to keep the women faithful to him. Miller study show that 55 % of battered wives perceived jealousy as reason for husband’s behaviour. The implication is that 45% of women reported that there was no jealousy so other factor must contribute. This explanation is reductionist , because it assumes that there is only one cause. Shackeford investigated the relationship between a women’s age , her husband’s age and the risk that he will murder het. This study found that older man are more likely to kill the younger women. The implication of this is that younger women are more fertile therefore more desirable. From evolutionary theory point of view this iis a product of men’s evolved sexual proprietaries. A second evolutionary explanation of human aggression is the evolution of homicide. One cause of aggression could be a lack of resources. Daly and Wilson carried out a study in Brazil and found that approximately 40% of victims and killers were men that were unemployed and around 70% of male victims and killers were not married. So, the inability to attract a long term partner and a lack of resources appears to lead to social competition and therefore aggression. The study also only looked at young adults in western culture, therefore the results may not be generalist across HTH human species like the evolutionary explanation suggests they should be. This explanations, and in particular Chalkboards supporting study, has stroll and very useful real world applications. The explanation results from the study, can be used o help predict and indicator partners who are likely to exert aggression through the posits between that and mate retention strategies. There is great value in being at to predict and indicate partners who could become aggressive to partners because it could mean less females may suffer domestic violence. If early warning signs like emotional manipulation are identifiable and associated, it can allow them to have time to leave the relate unships before it comes violent or attend relationship therapy before the situation escalate into physical violence (Adobes+Debase 84). This will reduce the amount Of abusive relate( SSH pips.

Economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Economics - Research Paper Example Undeniably, information security has evolved to be as significant to contemporary organizations as the security of perceptible physical resources. It is not surprising that the quickly increasing body of research dwells on issues of information security. Research should focus largely on the technical dynamics of the protection of information in computer-based systems through encryption, hardware controls as well as software and data controls. The behavioral dynamics associated with the prevention breaches in information security have attracted a lot of attention in the recent times among researchers. Conversely, there has been very little attention towards addressing the economic aspects of information security; particularly with the magnitude of resources that have been directed to improve information management by organizations, what these organizations require is a framework that will assist in deriving optimal levels of spending on information security. Economic perspectives typi cally recognize that even though some degree of investment in information security is noble, additional security is not always worth the associated costs (Bidgoli, 2006). Therefore, it is important to consider the manner in which vulnerabilities of information as well as losses that are linked to the vulnerability impact the ideal amount of resources that are supposed to be directed to making information secure. For a wide variety of probability functions in regards to security breach, the ideal amount that should spent on information security is a rising function based in the degree of the vulnerability of the information. However, in some cases, the ideal amount to spend on security of information initially increases and later declines with similar degrees of vulnerability of information (Rao & Upadhyaya, 2009). The managers who are responsible for allocation of information security budgets should typically concentrate that is categorized in the mid-range of

Project work of a British company profile Essay

Project work of a British company profile - Essay Example The first store to be opened was in 1929 in Burnt Oak, and the first self service store was later opened in St Albans in 1956 making it the first and self service which was operational up to 2010. Due to the need to expand and the customers and products being congested, the management saw the need to relocate to a larger premise on the same street. During 1950s, Tesco grew bigger and the management started to expand more thus acquiring more than 800 stores in London (Simms, 2007). For example, in 1957 the company bought 70 Williamsons stores, in 1959 other 200 Harrow stores outlet stores were opened and in 1960, 212 Irwin stores among others. The motto of the business was to pile it high and sell it cheap and this made the customers to flock in the supermarket. The company kept on expanding and in 1995, Tesco introduced a loyalty card and later in the same year an internet shopping services were also available for the customers. In 2006, Tesco announced the need to move into United S tates making sure that grocery stores were opened in the western states making it to have an idea to expand globally. The main section that Tesco usually deals with is Tesco Superstores. This is a supermarket that is stocked with groceries and other non food goods and the stores are normally branded as Tesco. The supermarket usually deals with groceries and the store first operated in Liverpool. Tesco express to provide food stuffs to the customers and shopping is done at Tesco express and later the food stuffs are packed. The stores are found in busy districts and in residential areas where the customers get access to the products (Nash, 2006). Tesco Extra stores are hypermarkets that provide all kind of product ranges. These are largest supermarkets and they are stocked with food, clothing, electronic gargets and entertainment systems. The hypermarket is usually on two floors to make sure that all range of products is available

Irony in to Kill a Mockingbird Essay Example for Free

Irony in to Kill a Mockingbird Essay Irony: A rhetorical device, literary technique, or situation in which there is an incongruity between the literal and the implied meaning. Example: â€Å"’We are a democracy and Germany is a dictatorship†¦ Over here we don’t believe in persecuting anybody. Persecution comes from people who are prejudiced’† (329). Lee, To Kill A Mockingbird. Context: In To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, during class, little Cecil Jacobs gives his current event about Adolf Hitler to the class. Miss Gates, the teacher, takes this opportunity to teach the children a lesson about how wrong prosecuting the Jews was and how she â€Å"hate Hitler so bad† (331). Scout later finds this misleading because at the courthouse, she overheard Miss Gates telling Miss Stephanie â€Å"’it’s time somebody taught [black people] a lesson, they were getting’ way above themselves’† (331). Concept: In To Kill A Mockingbird, Lee utilizes irony to emphasize the connection between the issue of racism in Maycomb to Hitler’s intolerance for Jews. Lee applies the reference to Adolf Hitler as a representation of the discrimination in Maycomb. During a lesson, Miss Gates expresses her belief of how it was horribly erroneous Hitler’s injustice to the Jews was. Although she believes â€Å"‘[in Maycomb], we don’t believe in persecuting anybody’,† she is oblivious to the prejudice she is against because it was fairly distinct in the aftermath of Tom Robinson’s trial, that the town, in fact, does commit the act of aversion towards black people (329). Scout recalls Miss Gates telling Miss Stephanie in the courthouse after Tom Robinson’s trial, that â€Å"it’s time somebody taught [the black people] a lesson’† (331). Miss Gates contradicts herself by teaching the children a lesson about the detestable acts of persecution while she hypocritically judges the blacks harshly right in Maycomb. She herself is mirroring the actions of Hitler, persecuting the black people in her own town when she herself says that the people of Maycomb â€Å"don’t believe in persecuting anybody† (329). It is ironic because Miss Gates has these views on Hitler whereas her actions are comparable to Hitler’s. Connection: In To Kill A Mockingbird, the above example links to the characterization of the Maycomb townspeople. Their hostility reveals a darker, more lurid side to the seemingly peaceful town. The biased townspeople are very discriminating to the black people. Their hateful ways show ignorance and how they rule the community’s concept of what democracy means. When Atticus says that Tom Robinson’s case â€Å"is as simple as black and white,† he literally means it is that simple. The white people easily side with Bob Ewell’s story rather than with the truth just because it is a black man’s words. This displays their prejudice and animosity against black people.

Comparing the Theme of Sacrifice in My Antonia and The Song of the Lark

Theme of Sacrifice in My Antonia and The Song of the Lark      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A common trait for Willa Cather's characters is that they possess a certain talent or skill. This art usually controls the lives of these characters. According to critic Maxell Geismar, Cather's heroines who possess a skill often either do not marry or marry men whom they dominate; if they do marry the marriage is without excitement because their passion is invested in their art. In a sense, Geismar accuses Cather's heroines of sacrificing their marital roles for their art (172). However, marriage is not the only aspect that raises the subject of sacrifice for Cather's protagonists - there is also the issue of family. This is because a woman artist, or any woman, is judged not only on her art but also on her personal life, especially by her submissiveness to man in the role of daughter, wife and mother. If a woman is unable to commit towards one of these roles, she is blamed for renouncing her expectant role for something that is associated with a ma n's world - talent. Many readers judge Thea Kronberg and Lena Lingard according to these female roles, and hence place the accusation of sacrifice upon them. Thea Kronberg and Lena Lingard in Willa Cather's The Song of the Lark and My Antonia, respectively, are accused of sacrificing too much for their art because they apparently choose to overlook their families and love relations in respect to their art. On the surface, it appears as if Thea sacrifices her relationship with her mother and her love with Fred Ottenburg in order to achieve her musical desires. Similarly, Lena is depicted as a female who sacrifices her bond with her mother and her prospects for marriage for the life of an indepe... ...r orator skills (i.e. they usually become Lawyers), and postponing marriage prospects until they are independently and financially settled. However, these men are never accused of sacrificing their relations, or too much for their art. Unfortunately, even in the literary world men and women are depicted differently in terms of their relational expectations. This difference goes as far as accusing the pursuit of art as a sacrifice only when the individual is a woman.    Works Cited    Cather, Willa. My Antonia. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1995. Cather, Willa. The Song of the Lark. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1943. Geismar, Maxell. The Last of the Provincials: The American Novel 1915 to 1925. Cambridge: The Riverside Press, 1947. Sabiston, Elizabeth. EN 4210 3.0E Seminar. Toronto: York University, October 15 2002.   

Outline + Evaluate Different Types of Attachment

‘Outline and evaluate different types of attachment’ Ainsworths ‘strange situation’ was developed as a tool to measure types of attachment in infants. The experiment was carried out in a purpose build playroom and children were observed with cameras. It consisted of several situations, standardised for all those who took part. Each condition involved variation of the presence of the mother and/or a stranger, over 3 minute intervals. During these different conditions, the child’s behaviour was monitored, assessing their exploratory behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation protest and reunion behaviour.From her study, Ainsworth identified three types of attachment, these were: secure, insecure- avoidant and insecure-resistant, she believes all infants can fit into these categories. A child with a secure attachment to the mother has high exploratory behaviour; they would explore happily when the mother is present and use her as a safe base. Stranger anxie ty would be seen, they would be wary and treat the stranger differently. There is a high level of separation protest, distress and crying was shown when the mother left, but they would easily be soothed when the mother was welcomed back on her return.On the other hand, a child with an insecure-avoidant attachment would be happy to explore, and there would be low stranger anxiety, the child would treat the stranger indifferently to the mother. Some separation protest can be shown, and the child may become distressed. However, when the mother returns they will carry on doing what they were before her return as they do not use the caregiver to provide comfort. Finally, those with an insecure-resistant attachment are less likely to show exploratory behaviour as they want attention from the caregiver.Intense stranger anxiety would be shown, as well as an intense separation protest, they would not be easily comforted by the mother on return, they would be angry and reject her. With this a ttachment, the child alternates between seeking closeness and wanting distance. Ainsworth suggested differences in attachment types are caused by the sensitivity of the mother, this is known as the ‘caregiver sensitivity hypothesis’. According to Ainsworth, a mother who is sensitive to the babies needs and correctly reads their social releasers, moods and feelings is likely to form a secure attachment with her child.An insecure- avoidant attachment would form if he mother is less sensitive and responsive, she may even ignore the baby, and be impatient with them. Finally, she believes that an insecure-resistant attachment would form if the mother is less sensitive and her response to her child is inconsistent, some days she may ignore the baby but the next day she may give the baby a lot of attention. However, Kagan argues that this theory puts too much emphasis on the role of the mother; he suggested attachments formed were due to the babies temperament, this is known a s the ‘temperament hypothesis’.Infact, in 1991, Fox found there was a strong relationship between attachment types towards both parents, supporting the claim that attachments relate to inbuilt temperament. Furthermore, a study carried out using meta-analysis in 1997 found a weak correlation of 0. 24 between type of attachment formed and sensitivity of the mother, showing Ainsworths theory of the development of attachment is weaker compared to Kagans. According to Kagan, a secure attachment between mother and child may be due to the baby having an ‘easy’ temperament, meaning they will have high activity and sociability.Furthermore, a baby with a ‘slow to warm up’ temperament is likely to form an insecure-avoidant attachment, and those with a ‘difficult’ temperament will have high emotionality, meaning an insecure-resistant attachment is most likely to form. However, Belsky and Rovin argued that individual differences in attachment r elate to both theories because different temperaments will present different challenges to the caregiver, a ‘slow to warm up’ baby would need more encouragement, which may influence the formation of a secure attachment.In addition, the method used in the ‘strange situation’ has been a useful tool, giving a great deal of information about a baby’s attachment in little time. It is also easy to replicate and has led to a rapid increase in the amount of research carried out, many finding similar results, suggesting the experiment is a reliable method to study attachment behaviours. However, the research lacks validity because of the unfamiliar surroundings, these may cause demand characteristics as the baby may be intimidated and act differently as a result.However, some say it may still be valid because children experience this on a regular basis when being left with a babysitter or at a nursery. Furthermore, there are ethical issues because the unfamil iar environment, separation from the mother and interaction with the stranger can cause mental distress for the baby. Finally, there is also the concern that not all babies can fit into the categories of attachment created, which is why a fourth one was added in 1986 called ‘disorganised attachment’ where babies behaviour was inconsistent.

Cultural Tourism Development Essay

With its modern sky line and quality infrastructure, it is difficult to believe that Dubai in the United Arab Emirates was once a small town of Bedouin traders. Exotic animals used to inhabit the grounds occupied by the present-day Nad al Sheba racetrack Contemporary Dubai has been built beyond reasonable expectations, more so from the stigma which befell a post-Gulf War Arabia. High-technology and high-fashion shops are now as commonplace as the gold souks. Modern Dubai is an eclectic mix of old and new, ancient and modern. Tourism, cultural tourism particularly, is considered one of the fastest-growing industries globally; with fierce competition being its natural corollary. Dubai is viewed as one of the prime tourist destinations, giving the country a distinct vantage in the arena. Dubai’s relative advantages pertinent to tourism are manifold. First, tourism is a rapidly-growing, huge industry; it is, therefore, a crucial sector that Dubai can take advantage of. Dubai is aptly capable in meeting global standards, being in itself, a set of visions. Dubai’s global position, as predicted, will be that of an â€Å"internationally-recognized hub and destination of choice for cultural tourism†. Dubai’s 2010 vision reiterates this notion, stating a threefold agenda for its long-term goal of becoming an international tourist hub: (1) creating a quality environment conducive to immigration and investment inflows, necessary for enticing a technologically-knowledgeable/skilled human capital base, (2) launching a policy of arts and culture developments, with the creation of an arts center in Dubai, (3) initiating an annual program of cultural activities (e. g. expositions, concerts, visiting artist performances) to mark its reputation as a modern society. Second, tourism is a highly-unpredictable industry, with trends and factors influential of tourist influx. Factors that positively affect tourism are disposable income increase, transportation cost decrease, tourism package cost decrease, and political stability presence. Travel distance has become an irrelevant tourism factor. Third, competition has spurred creative marketing strategies on the part of tourism providers. They have started providing leisure and business packages in greater variety, higher quality, and more competitive pricing scheme- thereby boosting the market demand for tourism. With the current trends in tourism at work, the demand being on the favorable side, it is projected that the $ 3. 3 trillion global tourism industry will grow at a 6. 8 % annual rate for the next 10 years. Fourth, the tourism industry is challenged by a body of better-informed and discriminating clientele. Tourism providers, therefore, need to package destinations in a detail-specific and compelling manner, categorized on the basis of market segmentation, in order to lure prospective tourists. The package destinations can also aim at a wider range of tourists for particular destinations in order to satisfy the market demand. In view of these trends, Dubai must adhere to the aforementioned steps to be able to take advantage of the tourism sector to its fullest. Dubai must maintain research-based equilibrium values per tourist segment, from where tourism providers can base tourist package offers from. The move is expected to optimize Dubai’s gain from possible tourism-generated revenues. It must also continue upgrading its support services in order to be able to service the increasing flock of tourists, broaden the basis of their motivation for tourism, and eventually, draw more tourists into visiting. A study of tourism’s framework is a requisite for understanding it. According to the Singaporean Board of Tourism website, the tourism landscape is composed of two sections: motivating attraction and supporting services. Motivating attractions include business tourism, cruise events, honeymoons, and especially, cultural tourism. Supporting services, however, include IT & Communication systems, travel agencies, hotels, entertainment management companies, and computer reservation systems. Cultural activities, in addition, are part of a broader tourism framework; by building on both Motivating Attractions and Supporting Services, Dubai will be able to attract tourists and encourage repeat visits. Cultural Tourism Cultural tourism is the type of tourism intent on an exploration of and education on the culture of a particular state. The motivating attraction components of cultural tourism are cultural/historical heritage, performing arts (theatre), visual arts and music. The CulturalHistorical Heritage component includes parks sightseeing, tours, cultural events, festivals and fairs. Performing Arts (Theatre) includes musicals, operas, ballet and dance exhibitions, and dramatic and classical performances. The Visual Arts component includes museums, painting galleries, craft exhibits, and film and photography showcases. Music, however, includes symphonies, orchestras and concerts. Supporting Services for cultural tourism comprise of marketing organizations to promote the Arts and Dubai’s position as a ‘center for the arts’ in the region, operational organizations to collaborate with performing arts talents and IT specialists for marketing, state-of-the-art venues like auditoriums, screening rooms, seminar rooms and staging arenas, and the technology that allows for world-class performances and shows. This US-based data on cultural tourism illustrates some key characteristics of the tourism demography (regular/cultural tourists), with important implications on the possible benefits from cultural tourism. Research suggests that promoting cultural tourism in Dubai will attract an extremely valuable clientele that will be willing to spend more ($ 174 average difference) and lengthen the duration of their visit (4% difference). Cultural tourism promotion, research also suggests, increases the likelihood of drawing clients with more advanced ages (48 vs. 46 average, 3% difference in retired tourists demography) and educational backgrounds (3% difference in graduate degree-holding status). Hosting such a demography is a boost for promoting Dubai as the ‘image leader’ in the region, an immense contribution to the knowledge economy. The National Assembly of State Arts agencies website asserts that some economic and cultural trends has had a huge impact on cultural tourism statistics. First, there has been a general rise in affluence and education level trends. Second, the United Arab Emirates has bore witness to cultural diversity; with expatriates now accounting for more than 75% of the UAE population. Third, an increase in the economic role and education of women had women typically setting up vacation plans. Fourth, a lesser time for leisure which is a mark of modern society increased the demand for and placed emphasis on shorter and value-added trips. Lastly, there has been an intensified influence of technology in every domain; an increased awareness of cultural issues therefore effected in tourists demanding a greater variety of cultural activities. These trends imply favorable growth prospects for cultural tourism in Dubai. Analyzing Dubai’s situation, it is evident that the current cultural tourism landscape is insufficient. Cultural Tourism Activities in Dubai are on a small-scale, fragmented, and uncoordinated way, and bereft of independent quality check and strategic guidance. The Dubai Explorer 2002 has it that the only activities/establishments which garnered a medium rating on the concentration graph were Dubai’s six (6) parks (Creekside Park, Mushrif Park, Rashidiya Park, Safa Park, Al Mamzar Beach and Jumeira Beach Park). The Performing Arts Division (comprising of nine (9) groups and clubs), the Visual Arts Sector (composed of four (4) galleries) and Falconry Division’s three (3) centers were noted as having the lowest concentrations. Dubai, however, is not deficient in Venues for Musical and Theatrical Performances which include: seven (7) venues for Classical Concerts (e. g. Crowne Plaza Hotel), six (6) venues for Theatrical Performances (e. g. a 500-seat Community Theater built in 2002 near Nad Al Sheba) and fifteen (15) venues for Dance/Pop Concert Events. These numbers are suggestive of the budding need for appropriate staging facilities and equipment; the demand for performance venues having been predicted. Comparing the aforementioned figures to a cultural tourism-investing country’s infrastructure statistics will reveal some startling differences. The data has it that Dubai has 80% the GDP/capita of Hong Kong but pales in comparison with regard to cultural infrastructure- with only 15% the number of museums and 0% the number of theaters and arenas. Based on these ratios, Dubai should have at least 10 museums and 5 theaters in order to parallel Hongkong’s status as a tourism spot. The Cultural Tourism Industry Group and the National Assembly of State Arts Agencies websites specify the apparent quality and tourism potential of museums, art galleries, concert halls, historic sites, and national and state parks as main considerations influencing cultural tourists. The organization of cultural events, festivals and fairs is a consideration too. With an understandably hectic itinerary, the logistics scheme and accompanying amenities also count. Some of these features have already been instituted/organized in Dubai such as national and state parks, cultural events, festivals and fairs. These institutions/affairs are considered highly-competitive and very manageable. On the other hand, theaters, concert halls and archeological sites are basically non-existent. The construction of theaters and concert halls are reasonable, achievable objectives as exemplified by the construction of a 500-seat Community Theater (built in 2002 near Nad Al Sheba). The contrary holds for establishing archeological sites, a challenging feat. The creation of and investment in organizational networks in Dubai that promote cultural activities will beget ample dedication which will enable cultural organizations to fund, foster and implement innovative ideas crucial to the development of cultural activities. In addition, the implementation of high-impact activities will command the highest visibility and draw a significant number of tourists. Those projects are intent on Cultural Tourism which is currently unavailable in Dubai. Cultural Tourism necessitates the creation of a dedicated oversight committee within the DTCM structure to: (1) coordinate with the private sector regarding the development of projects, (2) fund and foster the development of different project concepts, and (3) assist in projects implementation to foster the development of cultural activities. Possible High-Impact Projects Cultural Tourism necessitates an identification of viable high-impact activities for implementation. Possible projects include: (1) the construction of a culture complex (Barbican or Lincoln Center model-based), (2) the construction of an opera house (London’s Royal Albert Hall-modeled), (3) erection of a major performing arts venue (in joint effort with the private sector’s Community Theater project currently underway), (4) the erection of a concert hall (in partnership with Moscow for purposes of production and guidance), (5) the initiation of a desert arena, (6) hosting cultural events and activities, and (7) erection of art cinema houses for Indie Films (NYC’s Angelica Theater-based). Moreover, there is an apparent need for an amendment in Dubai’s existing laws on private ownership to further the development of cultural tourism in this region. In a 1999 DTCM survey, as posted in the HK Leisure and Cultural Services Department website, a majority of the respondents specified the scarcity of peculiar activities and sightings in Dubai. The respondents criticized the offered cultural activities as being small-scale, fragmented and uncoordinated. These survey results support the need for improvements in cultural tourism infrastructure, developments in ongoing cultural activities, and initiation of high-impact projects. The DTCM, with its current organizational setup, is ill-equipped for a full development of cultural services. A labor force comparison between the DTCM and the HK L&C Services Department yielded startling results; the HK L&C Services Department has 26 times more employees. There is an immense need to foster a dedicated organization, in charge of coordinating the development of cultural activities in the region. The organizational setup will be based on the Hong Kong model where its primary role would be to act as the central node of cultural activities in the region. Other organizational responsibilities include: (1) promotion of cultural performances, (2) provision of support to festival organizers and private companies, and (3) offer of audience-aimed educational programs, and (4) overall logistical operations (e. g. venues and ticketing). Conclusion It is evident that the dearth of cultural facilities and cultural activities has brought Dubai to a tourism disadvantage. Cultural facilities/activities have been described, aptly or otherwise, as being small-scale, quality control-bereft, and seemingly uncoordinated with other cultural tourism authorities. Established institutions, however, such as the Dubai Museum, Sheikh Mohammed Center for Cultural Understanding, and the Dubai Natural History Group have potentially important roles in boosting Dubai’s cultural tourism prospects. Currently, there is an insufficient government emphasis in Cultural Tourism, although an AED 10M Dubai Community Theatre project which is currently underway is definitely a step in the right direction. An expedient cultural tourism infrastructure will facilitate Dubai’s agenda of drawing a desirable demographic, generating ample revenues from increased expenses and lengthened travel duration on tourists’ part, and according Dubai the status of an ‘image leader’ in the world. Furthermore, it is expected to heighten students’ thespic awareness and enthusiasm, sufficient encouragements for the scholarly and professional pursuit of the Arts. An overall improvement in the quality of life is expected with the creation of an inculturated tourism experience; creative arts specialists and cultural promotion companies will then be drawn to Dubai. Implications The magnitude of Dubai’s long-term agenda has various implications for the government and support systems, and marketing and production logistics. For one, a high degree of government support is entailed, more so that the need to institute a governmental agency for cultural promotion purposes presents itself. Secondly, creating partnerships with relevant local and overseas organizations is required for the promotion and improvement of Dubai’s Art and Culture. Third, the creation of specialized umbrella organizations, like a National Heritage Board or an Arts Council, is a significant assistance to the government for a more focused management. Fourth, the government has to support, subsidize and grant incentives to private sector initiatives in support of Dubai’s cultural tourism agenda (e. g. museum foundation, arts organizations). Lastly, there is a need for the government to set guidelines and policies directed on an effective management of cultural facilities, heritage conservation and tourist education. Support services have their own share of responsibilities. First, the management of major facilities, such as stadiums and performance venues, will ensure organizers a constant facility access and facility maintenance. Second, there is a need for the implementation of an accessible and automated ticketing system, possibly with the use of the Internet, to ensure a widespread distribution and expediency. Third, the endowment of financial support to festivals, events organizers, museums’ administration and arts organizations can be a tourism marketing tool. Lastly, the Internet is an effective marketing instrument with a global domain; therefore, creating websites and publishing electronic newsletters on cultural tourism is an information dissemination option. Dubai’s cultural tourism agenda has peculiar implications for marketing and production logistics. First, ticket pricing has to be reasonable and demand-based; with discount offerings for senior citizens, students and children, and price markdowns on special occasions and for promotional means. Second, an effective marketing strategy is key to succeeding in this arena; to participate and organize sales missions, trade and tourism fairs, consumer fairs and other promotional events is therefore necessary. Third, cultural organizers have to be responsible for audience-briefing on cultural themes in order to help the audience appreciate different cultural performances. Lastly, an educated domain is a boost to cultural tourism; therefore, the provision of educational programs addressed to students (lectures, workshops, seminars and symposia) and the encouragement of learning institutions to participate in cultural activities will significantly bolster Dubai’s tourism agenda. Dubai’s vision has crucial implications for production logistics too. First, affairs organizers have a wide array of production options ranging from traditional repertoires to avant-garde creative performances. Organizers have a corollary responsibility of heeding consumer demand and garnering independent ideas; providing a means for the submission of independent project proposals is therefore requisite. Second, it is the organizers’ privilege and responsibility to provide performance opportunities to both established and upcoming local artists and groups. Third, there is an organizer responsibility for a performance venue planning and management, with a corollary need for the constant enhancement and upgrading of performance facilities. Lastly, production organizers have to establish and be of support to local professional artists groups like philharmonic societies, dance companies and orchestras. With a competent strategy and ample guidance, Dubai’s 2010 Vision of Cultural Tourism need not be an impossibility!

The blithedale romance

The blithedale romance The Woman Named Zenobia In Hawthorne's story The Blithedale Romance, we are introduced to the character Zenobia. Zenobia is a wealthy woman who considers herself to be a feminist. She is always preaching her view of the woman's role in society. She is a woman who feels and speaks very passionately about the feminist's place in the world. This all seems to change as soon as Zenobia falls in love with Hollingsworth. After Zenobia begins spending more and more time with this man we start to see her position as a powerful and independent woman disappear more and more. Zenobia starts to fall behind Hollingsworth, he begins to control this feminist, and soon even all her opinions about feminism are nothing. Zenobia becomes, in this story the woman that she has been trying to do away with; she takes on the role of the woman behind the man.The trouble started in Zenobia's life when Priscilla is sent to Blithedale to live with her.Zenobia pulverulenta

The Albany Plan of Union

The Albany Plan of Union   The Albany Plan of Union was an early proposal to organize the British-held American colonies under a single central government. While independence from Great Britain was not its intent, the Albany Plan represented the first officially-endorsed proposal to organize the American colonies under a single, centralized government. The Albany Congress While it was never implemented, the Albany Plan was adopted on July 10, 1754, by the Albany Congress, a convention attended by representatives of seven of the thirteen American colonies. The colonies of Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire sent colonial commissioners to the Congress. The British government itself had ordered the Albany Congress to meet in response to a failed series of negotiations between New York’s colonial government and the Mohawk Indian nation, then a part of the larger Iroquois Confederation. Ideally, the British Crown hoped the Albany Congress would result in a treaty between the colonial governments and the Iroquois clearly spelling out a policy of colonial-Indian cooperation. Sensing the certainty of the looming French and Indian War, the British considered the cooperation of the Iroquois to be essential should the colonies be threatened by the conflict. While a treaty with the Iroquois may have been their primary assignment, the colonial delegates also discussed other matters, like forming a union. Benjamin Franklin’s Plan of Union Long before the Albany Convention, plans to centralize the American colonies into a â€Å"union† had been circulated. The most vocal proponent of such a union of colonial governments was Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, who had shared his ideas for a union with several of his colleagues. When he learned of the coming Albany Congress convention, Franklin published the famous â€Å"Join, or Die† political cartoon in his newspaper, The Pennsylvania Gazette. The cartoon illustrates the need for a union by comparing the colonies to separated pieces of a snake’s body. As soon as he was selected as Pennsylvania’s delegate to the Congress, Franklin published copies of what he called his â€Å"short hints towards a scheme for uniting the Northern Colonies† with the support of the British Parliament. Indeed, the British government at the time did consider that placing the colonies under closer, centralized supervision would be advantageous to the Crown by making it easier to control them from afar. In addition, a growing number of colonists agreed with the need to organize in order to better defend their common interests. After convening on June 19, 1754, the delegates to the Albany Convention voted to discuss the Albany Plan for Union on June 24. By June 28, a union subcommittee presented a draft plan to the full Convention. After extensive debate and amendment, a final version was adopted on July 10. Under the Albany Plan, the combined colonial governments, except for those of Georgia and Delaware, would appoint members of a â€Å"Grand Council,† to be overseen by a â€Å"president General† appointed by the British Parliament. Delaware was excluded from the Albany Plan because it and Pennsylvania shared the same governor at the time. Historians have speculated that Georgia was excluded because, being considered a sparsely-populated â€Å"frontier† colony, it would have been unable to contribute equally to the common defense and support of the union. While the convention delegates unanimously approved the Albany Plan, the legislatures of all seven colonies rejected it, because it would have taken away some of their existing powers. Due to the colonial legislatures’ rejection, the Albany Plan was never submitted to the British Crown for approval. However, the British Board of Trade considered and also rejected it. Having already sent General Edward Braddock, along with two commissioners, to take care of Indian relations, the British government believed it could continue to manage the colonies from London. How Albany Plan Government Would Have Worked Had the Albany Plan been adopted, the two branches of government, the Grand Council and the president General, would have worked as a unified government charged with dealing with disputes and agreements between the colonies, as well as regulating colonial relations and treaties with the Indian tribes. In response to the tendency at the time of the colonial governors appointed by the British Parliament to override the colonial legislators chosen by the people, the Albany Plan would have given the Grand Council more relative power than the president General. The plan would have also allowed the new unified government to impose and collect taxes to support its operations and provide for the defense of the union. While the Albany Plan failed to be adopted, many of its elements formed the basis of American government as embodied in the Articles of Confederation and, eventually, the U.S. Constitution. In 1789, one year after the final ratification of the Constitution, Benjamin Franklin suggested that adoption of the Albany Plan might have greatly delayed the colonial separation from England and the ​American Revolution. â€Å"On Reflection it now seems probable, that if the foregoing Plan [the Albany Plan] or something like it, had been adopted and carried into Execution, the subsequent Separation of the Colonies from the Mother Country might not so soon have happened, nor the Mischiefs suffered on both sides have occurred, perhaps during another Century. For the Colonies, if so united, would have really been, as they then thought themselves, sufficient to their own Defence, and being trusted with it, as by the Plan, an Army from Britain, for that purpose would have been unnecessary: The Pretences for framing the Stamp-Act would not then have existed, nor the other Projects for drawing a Revenue from America to Britain by Acts of Parliament, which were the Cause of the Breach, and attended with such terrible Expence of Blood and Treasure: so that the different Parts of the Empire might still have remained in Peace and Union,† wrote Franklin. Britain’s Reaction to the Albany Plan of Union Fearing that if the Albany Plan was accepted, His Majesty’s Government might have a hard time continuing to control its now far more powerful American colonies, the British Crown hesitated to push the plan through Parliament. However, the Crown’s fears were misplaced. The individual American colonists were still far from being prepared to handle the self-government responsibilities demanded by being part of a union. In addition, the existing colonial assemblies ready to surrender their recently hard-won control of local affairs to a single central government. Indeed, that would not happen until well after the submission of the Declaration of Independence.   The Legacy of the Albany Plan of Union While his Albany Plan of Union had not proposed separation from Britain, Benjamin Franklin had accounted for many of the challenges the new American government would face after independence. Franklin knew that once independent of the Crown, America would be solely responsible for necessities like maintaining its financial stability, proving a viable economy, establishing a system of justice, and defending the people from attacks by Indians and foreign enemies.   In the final analysis, the Albany Plan of Union created the elements of a true union, many of which would be adopted in September 1774, when the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia to set America on the road to revolution.

Fast cat Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fast cat - Term Paper Example It, therefore, provides an analysis and values of the status and objectives laid down in the FastCat strategy. The analysis done in the research was job-based in order to clearly identify and determine the differential work positions and roles in the FastCat organization. After analysis of the different roles in the organization, we chose to use a structure that meets the objectives of the organization. A flexible strategy is also favored by the organization. The flexibility of employees means that workplace relationship is solid and subsequently, customer service is also improved. This will improve the company’s competitiveness in the market as well as improving the company’s profits. Flexible strategy also allows employees to air in their contributions towards achieving a better, user-friendly and a focused workplace, an objective of the executive committee. A business plan set to guide through the realization of an organization’s objectives is a very important tool. Through some considerations, we decided to drop the traditional hierarchical strategy that puts in middle managers between the executive and the rest of the staff. Gathering the qualitative and quantitative tools in managerial duties, we identified the strengths and the weaknesses of each internal strategy that could easily work with the organization and the staff without any workplace conflicts. These considerations are the key reasons why we chose the flat internal structure strategy in the organization. The flat structure so chosen was predominant since it seems the easiest and the readiest structure that can uphold and spearhead the realization and enforcement of the objectives set by the organization. Keeping in mind the organization’s innovativeness and flexibility, this structure is without doubt the best structure for the research. Since this structure lacks levels in the middle between the middle